[单选题]PassagetwoThisiswhatIhavenoticedinsportsclub:Ineveryclassatmyclub,everysingleattendeeisfemale.Theyareold,theyareyoung;somearefit,andsomearenot.But,saveforoneoftheinstructors,theyareallwomen.Conversely,justabouteverymanintheclub(includingme)worksoutbyhimself,usuallyonthemachinesorfreeweights.Thisisnotsomethingaccidental.Asitrelatestothesexes,theremustbesomeinsightsintohumanbehavior.Butwhat?Coulditbethatwomenfeelmorecomfortableingroupsthanmen?Ifso,why?Andinwhatwaydomenfeelmorecomfortable?Whydowepreferexercisingalone?Diggingdeeper,Iwonderifthesedistinctivebehaviorsaremarkersforbothgenders.Menhavealwaysidentifiedwiththelonewolf.Lookattheheroesinthemovies.WehavetheMarlboroMan,eventheTerminator.Menfindsomethingtimelessandappealingtothelonelyheroes,always.ClintEastwoodandRamboactedalone.Thedarkerthepersona(角色)themoremenrelate.Theybecomeheroeswhentheysaveothersandsolveseriousproblems–allbythemselves.Necessarily,then,thiswouldhavewomenidentifyingwithgroups,likeTheRealHousewivesof…However,menalsoplayonteams.Wecanrelatetoabandofbrothersandfightonbattlefieldstogether.So,whyisitthatwomenalmostuniversallyworkoutingroupsandmendon’t?Ibelieveithasmoretodowitheachgender’swillingnesstoaskforhelp.Inotherwords,thesamepsychologythatmakessomanymenreluctanttoaskfordirectionsisalsowhatkeepsthemoutofthosegymclasses.Ironically,itisadefectofcharacter,buttheroleofproblemsolveristoodeep-rootedintheirmasculinityforthemtobehaveotherwise.Subconsciouslyconsideringthemselvescapableofsolvingproblemsindividually,menwouldregarditfemininetoaskforhelpfromothers,especiallyatthegym,wheretheirphysicalmanhoodisondisplay.Ingeneral,womendon’thavethisproblem.Theytakecomfortinunityorareatleastmotivatedbythatunity.26.Theauthornoticesinthesportsclubthat___________.
[单选题]PassagetwoThisiswhatIhavenoticedinsportsclub:Ineveryclassatmyclub,everysingleattendeeisfemale.Theyareold,theyareyoung;somearefit,andsomearenot.But,saveforoneoftheinstructors,theyareallwomen.Conversely,justabouteverymanintheclub(includingme)worksoutbyhimself,usuallyonthemachinesorfreeweights.Thisisnotsomethingaccidental.Asitrelatestothesexes,theremustbesomeinsightsintohumanbehavior.Butwhat?Coulditbethatwomenfeelmorecomfortableingroupsthanmen?Ifso,why?Andinwhatwaydomenfeelmorecomfortable?Whydowepreferexercisingalone?Diggingdeeper,Iwonderifthesedistinctivebehaviorsaremarkersforbothgenders.Menhavealwaysidentifiedwiththelonewolf.Lookattheheroesinthemovies.WehavetheMarlboroMan,eventheTerminator.Menfindsomethingtimelessandappealingtothelonelyheroes,always.ClintEastwoodandRamboactedalone.Thedarkerthepersona(角色)themoremenrelate.Theybecomeheroeswhentheysaveothersandsolveseriousproblems–allbythemselves.Necessarily,then,thiswouldhavewomenidentifyingwithgroups,likeTheRealHousewivesof…However,menalsoplayonteams.Wecanrelatetoabandofbrothersandfightonbattlefieldstogether.So,whyisitthatwomenalmostuniversallyworkoutingroupsandmendon’t?Ibelieveithasmoretodowitheachgender’swillingnesstoaskforhelp.Inotherwords,thesamepsychologythatmakessomanymenreluctanttoaskfordirectionsisalsowhatkeepsthemoutofthosegymclasses.Ironically,itisadefectofcharacter,buttheroleofproblemsolveristoodeep-rootedintheirmasculinityforthemtobehaveotherwise.Subconsciouslyconsideringthemselvescapableofsolvingproblemsindividually,menwouldregarditfemininetoaskforhelpfromothers,especiallyatthegym,wheretheirphysicalmanhoodisondisplay.Ingeneral,womendon’thavethisproblem.Theytakecomfortinunityorareatleastmotivatedbythatunity.27.Theauthormentionssomerolesinmoviesforthepurposeof___________.
[单选题]PassagetwoThisiswhatIhavenoticedinsportsclub:Ineveryclassatmyclub,everysingleattendeeisfemale.Theyareold,theyareyoung;somearefit,andsomearenot.But,saveforoneoftheinstructors,theyareallwomen.Conversely,justabouteverymanintheclub(includingme)worksoutbyhimself,usuallyonthemachinesorfreeweights.Thisisnotsomethingaccidental.Asitrelatestothesexes,theremustbesomeinsightsintohumanbehavior.Butwhat?Coulditbethatwomenfeelmorecomfortableingroupsthanmen?Ifso,why?Andinwhatwaydomenfeelmorecomfortable?Whydowepreferexercisingalone?Diggingdeeper,Iwonderifthesedistinctivebehaviorsaremarkersforbothgenders.Menhavealwaysidentifiedwiththelonewolf.Lookattheheroesinthemovies.WehavetheMarlboroMan,eventheTerminator.Menfindsomethingtimelessandappealingtothelonelyheroes,always.ClintEastwoodandRamboactedalone.Thedarkerthepersona(角色)themoremenrelate.Theybecomeheroeswhentheysaveothersandsolveseriousproblems–allbythemselves.Necessarily,then,thiswouldhavewomenidentifyingwithgroups,likeTheRealHousewivesof…However,menalsoplayonteams.Wecanrelatetoabandofbrothersandfightonbattlefieldstogether.So,whyisitthatwomenalmostuniversallyworkoutingroupsandmendon’t?Ibelieveithasmoretodowitheachgender’swillingnesstoaskforhelp.Inotherwords,thesamepsychologythatmakessomanymenreluctanttoaskfordirectionsisalsowhatkeepsthemoutofthosegymclasses.Ironically,itisadefectofcharacter,buttheroleofproblemsolveristoodeep-rootedintheirmasculinityforthemtobehaveotherwise.Subconsciouslyconsideringthemselvescapableofsolvingproblemsindividually,menwouldregarditfemininetoaskforhelpfromothers,especiallyatthegym,wheretheirphysicalmanhoodisondisplay.Ingeneral,womendon’thavethisproblem.Theytakecomfortinunityorareatleastmotivatedbythatunity.28.Whatdoestheword“universally”(Para.4)probablymeaninthepassage?A.Necessarily.B.Everywhere.C.Consciously.D.Never.
[单选题]PassagetwoThisiswhatIhavenoticedinsportsclub:Ineveryclassatmyclub,everysingleattendeeisfemale.Theyareold,theyareyoung;somearefit,andsomearenot.But,saveforoneoftheinstructors,theyareallwomen.Conversely,justabouteverymanintheclub(includingme)worksoutbyhimself,usuallyonthemachinesorfreeweights.Thisisnotsomethingaccidental.Asitrelatestothesexes,theremustbesomeinsightsintohumanbehavior.Butwhat?Coulditbethatwomenfeelmorecomfortableingroupsthanmen?Ifso,why?Andinwhatwaydomenfeelmorecomfortable?Whydowepreferexercisingalone?Diggingdeeper,Iwonderifthesedistinctivebehaviorsaremarkersforbothgenders.Menhavealwaysidentifiedwiththelonewolf.Lookattheheroesinthemovies.WehavetheMarlboroMan,eventheTerminator.Menfindsomethingtimelessandappealingtothelonelyheroes,always.ClintEastwoodandRamboactedalone.Thedarkerthepersona(角色)themoremenrelate.Theybecomeheroeswhentheysaveothersandsolveseriousproblems–allbythemselves.Necessarily,then,thiswouldhavewomenidentifyingwithgroups,likeTheRealHousewivesof…However,menalsoplayonteams.Wecanrelatetoabandofbrothersandfightonbattlefieldstogether.So,whyisitthatwomenalmostuniversallyworkoutingroupsandmendon’t?Ibelieveithasmoretodowitheachgender’swillingnesstoaskforhelp.Inotherwords,thesamepsychologythatmakessomanymenreluctanttoaskfordirectionsisalsowhatkeepsthemoutofthosegymclasses.Ironically,itisadefectofcharacter,buttheroleofproblemsolveristoodeep-rootedintheirmasculinityforthemtobehaveotherwise.Subconsciouslyconsideringthemselvescapableofsolvingproblemsindividually,menwouldregarditfemininetoaskforhelpfromothers,especiallyatthegym,wheretheirphysicalmanhoodisondisplay.Ingeneral,womendon’thavethisproblem.Theytakecomfortinunityorareatleastmotivatedbythatunity.29.Accordingtotheauthor,whyaremenreluctanttoworkingroupsinsportsclub?
[单选题]PassagetwoThisiswhatIhavenoticedinsportsclub:Ineveryclassatmyclub,everysingleattendeeisfemale.Theyareold,theyareyoung;somearefit,andsomearenot.But,saveforoneoftheinstructors,theyareallwomen.Conversely,justabouteverymanintheclub(includingme)worksoutbyhimself,usuallyonthemachinesorfreeweights.Thisisnotsomethingaccidental.Asitrelatestothesexes,theremustbesomeinsightsintohumanbehavior.Butwhat?Coulditbethatwomenfeelmorecomfortableingroupsthanmen?Ifso,why?Andinwhatwaydomenfeelmorecomfortable?Whydowepreferexercisingalone?Diggingdeeper,Iwonderifthesedistinctivebehaviorsaremarkersforbothgenders.Menhavealwaysidentifiedwiththelonewolf.Lookattheheroesinthemovies.WehavetheMarlboroMan,eventheTerminator.Menfindsomethingtimelessandappealingtothelonelyheroes,always.ClintEastwoodandRamboactedalone.Thedarkerthepersona(角色)themoremenrelate.Theybecomeheroeswhentheysaveothersandsolveseriousproblems–allbythemselves.Necessarily,then,thiswouldhavewomenidentifyingwithgroups,likeTheRealHousewivesof…However,menalsoplayonteams.Wecanrelatetoabandofbrothersandfightonbattlefieldstogether.So,whyisitthatwomenalmostuniversallyworkoutingroupsandmendon’t?Ibelieveithasmoretodowitheachgender’swillingnesstoaskforhelp.Inotherwords,thesamepsychologythatmakessomanymenreluctanttoaskfordirectionsisalsowhatkeepsthemoutofthosegymclasses.Ironically,itisadefectofcharacter,buttheroleofproblemsolveristoodeep-rootedintheirmasculinityforthemtobehaveotherwise.Subconsciouslyconsideringthemselvescapableofsolvingproblemsindividually,menwouldregarditfemininetoaskforhelpfromothers,especiallyatthegym,wheretheirphysicalmanhoodisondisplay.Ingeneral,womendon’thavethisproblem.Theytakecomfortinunityorareatleastmotivatedbythatunity.30.Whatistheauthor’smainpointinthepassage?
[判断题]PartⅡDothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthereadingpassage?(每题2分，共计14分)Inboxes16-22onyourAnswerSheet,writeTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthisinthepassageText4:AirTrafficControlintheUSAAnaccidentthatoccurredintheskiesovertheGrandCanyonin1956resultedintheestablishmentoftheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)toregulateandoverseetheoperationofaircraftintheskiesovertheUnitedStates,whichwerebecomingquitecongested.TheresultingstructureofairtrafficcontrolhasgreatlyincreasedthesafetyofflightintheUnitedStates,andsimilarairtrafficcontrolproceduresarealsoinplaceovermuchoftherestoftheworld.Rudimentaryairtrafficcontrol(ATC)existedwellbeforetheGrandCanyondisaster.Asearlyasthe1920s,theearliestairtrafficcontrollersmanuallyguidedaircraftinthevicinityoftheairports,usinglightsandflags,whilebeaconsandflashinglightswereplacedalongcross-countryroutestoestablishtheearliestairways.However,thispurelyvisualsystemwasuselessinbadweather,and,bythe1930s,radiocommunicationwascomingintouseforATC.Thefirstregiontohavesomethingapproximatingtoday'sATCwasNewYorkCity,withothermajormetropolitanareasfollowingsoonafter.Inthe1940s,ATCcentrescouldanddidtakeadvantageofthenewlydevelopedradarandimprovedradiocommunicationbroughtaboutbytheSecondWorldWar,butthesystemremainedrudimentary.ItwasonlyafterthecreationoftheFAAthatfull-scaleregulationofAmerica'sairspacetookplace,andthiswasfortuitous,fortheadventofthejetenginesuddenlyresultedinalargenumberofveryfastplanes,reducingpilots'marginoferrorandpracticallydemandingsomesetofrulestokeepeveryonewellseparatedandoperatingsafelyintheair.ManypeoplethinkthatATCconsistsofarowofcontrollerssittinginfrontoftheirradarscreensatthenation'sairports,tellingarrivinganddepartingtrafficwhattodo.Thisisaveryincompletepartofthepicture.TheFAArealisedthattheairspaceovertheUnitedStateswouldatanytimehavemanydifferentkindsofplanes,flyingformanydifferentpurposes,inavarietyofweatherconditions,andthesamekindofstructurewasneededtoaccommodateallofthem.Tomeetthischallenge,thefollowingelementswereputintoeffect.First,ATCextendsovervirtuallytheentireUnitedStates.Ingeneral,from365mabovethegroundandhigher,theentirecountryisblanketedbycontrolledairspace.Incertainareas,mainlynearairports,controlledairspaceextendsdownto215mabovetheground,and,intheimmediatevicinityofanairport,allthewaydowntothesurface.ControlledairspaceisthatairspaceinwhichFAAregulationsapply.Elsewhere,inuncontrolledairspace,pilotsareboundbyfewerregulations.Inthisway,therecreationalpilotwhosimplywishestogoflyingforawhilewithoutalltherestrictionsimposedbytheFAAhasonlytostayinuncontrolledairspace,below365m,whilethepilotwhodoeswanttheprotectionaffordedbyATCcaneasilyenterthecontrolledairspace.TheFAAthenrecognisedtwotypesofoperatingenvironments.Ingoodmeteorologicalconditions,flyingwouldbepermittedunderVisualFlightRules(VFR,视觉飞行规则),whichsuggestsastrongrelianceonvisualcuestomaintainanacceptablelevelofsafety.PoorvisibilitynecessitatedasetofInstrumentalFlightRules(IFR,仪表飞行规则),underwhichthepilotreliedonaltitudeandnavigationalinformationprovidedbytheplane'sinstrumentpaneltoflysafely.Onaclearday,apilotincontrolledairspacecanchooseaVFRorIFRflightplan,andtheFAAregulationsweredevisedinawaywhichaccommodatesbothVFRandIFRoperationsinthesameairspace.However,apilotcanonlychoosetoflyIFRiftheypossessaninstrumentratingwhichisaboveandbeyondthebasicpilot'slicensethatmustalsobeheld.onaltitudeandnavigationalinformationprovidedbytheplane'sinstrumentpaneltoflysafely.Onaclearday,apilotincontrolledairspacecanchooseaVFRorIFRflightplan,andtheFAAregulationsweredevisedinawaywhichaccommodatesbothVFRandIFRoperationsinthesameairspace.However,apilotcanonlychoosetoflyIFRiftheypossessaninstrumentratingwhichisaboveandbeyondthebasicpilot'slicensethatmustalsobeheld.Controlledairspaceisdividedintoseveraldifferenttypes,designatedbylettersofthealphabet.UncontrolledairspaceisdesignatedClassF,whilecontrolledairspacebelow5,490mabovesealevelandnotinthevicinityofanairportisClassE.Allairspaceabove5,490misdesignatedClassA.ThereasonforthedivisionofClassEandClassAairspacestemsfromthetypeofplanesoperatinginthem.Generally,ClassEairspaceiswhereonefindsgeneralaviationaircraft(fewofwhichcanclimbabove5,490manyway),andcommercialturbopropaircraft.Above5,490mistherealmoftheheavyjets,sincejetenginesoperatemoreefficientlyathigheraltitudes.ThedifferencebetweenClassEandAairspaceisthatinClassA,alloperationsareIFR,andpilotsmustbeinstrument-rated,thatis,skilledandlicensedinaircraftinstrumentation.ThisisbecauseATCcontroloftheentirespaceisessential.Threeothertypesofairspace,ClassesD,CandB,governthevicinityofairports.Thesecorrespondroughlytosmallmunicipal,medium-sizedmetropolitanandmajormetropolitanairportsrespectively,andencompassanincreasinglyrigoroussetofregulations.Forexample,allaVFRpilothastodotoenterClassCairspaceisestablishtwo-wayradiocontactwithATC.NoexplicitpermissionfromATCtoenterisneeded,althoughthepilotmustcontinuetoobeyallregulationsgoverningVFRflight.ToenterClassBairspace,suchasonapproachtoamajormetropolitanairport,anexplicitATCclearance(飞机起降的许可)isrequired.Theprivatepilotwhocruiseswithoutpermissionintothisairspaceriskslosingtheirlicense.16.TheFAAwascreatedasaresultoftheintroductionofthejetengine.
[判断题]AnaccidentthatoccurredintheskiesovertheGrandCanyonin1956resultedintheestablishmentoftheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)toregulateandoverseetheoperationofaircraftintheskiesovertheUnitedStates,whichwerebecomingquitecongested.TheresultingstructureofairtrafficcontrolhasgreatlyincreasedthesafetyofflightintheUnitedStates,andsimilarairtrafficcontrolproceduresarealsoinplaceovermuchoftherestoftheworld.Rudimentaryairtrafficcontrol(ATC)existedwellbeforetheGrandCanyondisaster.Asearlyasthe1920s,theearliestairtrafficcontrollersmanuallyguidedaircraftinthevicinityoftheairports,usinglightsandflags,whilebeaconsandflashinglightswereplacedalongcross-countryroutestoestablishtheearliestairways.However,thispurelyvisualsystemwasuselessinbadweather,and,bythe1930s,radiocommunicationwascomingintouseforATC.Thefirstregiontohavesomethingapproximatingtoday'sATCwasNewYorkCity,withothermajormetropolitanareasfollowingsoonafter.Inthe1940s,ATCcentrescouldanddidtakeadvantageofthenewlydevelopedradarandimprovedradiocommunicationbroughtaboutbytheSecondWorldWar,butthesystemremainedrudimentary.ItwasonlyafterthecreationoftheFAAthatfull-scaleregulationofAmerica'sairspacetookplace,andthiswasfortuitous,fortheadventofthejetenginesuddenlyresultedinalargenumberofveryfastplanes,reducingpilots'marginoferrorandpracticallydemandingsomesetofrulestokeepeveryonewellseparatedandoperatingsafelyintheair.ManypeoplethinkthatATCconsistsofarowofcontrollerssittinginfrontoftheirradarscreensatthenation'sairports,tellingarrivinganddepartingtrafficwhattodo.Thisisaveryincompletepartofthepicture.TheFAArealisedthattheairspaceovertheUnitedStateswouldatanytimehavemanydifferentkindsofplanes,flyingformanydifferentpurposes,inavarietyofweatherconditions,andthesamekindofstructurewasneededtoaccommodateallofthem.Tomeetthischallenge,thefollowingelementswereputintoeffect.First,ATCextendsovervirtuallytheentireUnitedStates.Ingeneral,from365mabovethegroundandhigher,theentirecountryisblanketedbycontrolledairspace.Incertainareas,mainlynearairports,controlledairspaceextendsdownto215mabovetheground,and,intheimmediatevicinityofanairport,allthewaydowntothesurface.ControlledairspaceisthatairspaceinwhichFAAregulationsapply.Elsewhere,inuncontrolledairspace,pilotsareboundbyfewerregulations.Inthisway,therecreationalpilotwhosimplywishestogoflyingforawhilewithoutalltherestrictionsimposedbytheFAAhasonlytostayinuncontrolledairspace,below365m,whilethepilotwhodoeswanttheprotectionaffordedbyATCcaneasilyenterthecontrolledairspace.TheFAAthenrecognisedtwotypesofoperatingenvironments.Ingoodmeteorologicalconditions,flyingwouldbepermittedunderVisualFlightRules(VFR,视觉飞行规则),whichsuggestsastrongrelianceonvisualcuestomaintainanacceptablelevelofsafety.PoorvisibilitynecessitatedasetofInstrumentalFlightRules(IFR,仪表飞行规则),underwhichthepilotreliedonaltitudeandnavigationalinformationprovidedbytheplane'sinstrumentpaneltoflysafely.Onaclearday,apilotincontrolledairspacecanchooseaVFRorIFRflightplan,andtheFAAregulationsweredevisedinawaywhichaccommodatesbothVFRandIFRoperationsinthesameairspace.However,apilotcanonlychoosetoflyIFRiftheypossessaninstrumentratingwhichisaboveandbeyondthebasicpilot'slicensethatmustalsobeheld.onaltitudeandnavigationalinformationprovidedbytheplane'sinstrumentpaneltoflysafely.Onaclearday,apilotincontrolledairspacecanchooseaVFRorIFRflightplan,andtheFAAregulationsweredevisedinawaywhichaccommodatesbothVFRandIFRoperationsinthesameairspace.However,apilotcanonlychoosetoflyIFRiftheypossessaninstrumentratingwhichisaboveandbeyondthebasicpilot'slicensethatmustalsobeheld.Controlledairspaceisdividedintoseveraldifferenttypes,designatedbylettersofthealphabet.UncontrolledairspaceisdesignatedClassF,whilecontrolledairspacebelow5,490mabovesealevelandnotinthevicinityofanairportisClassE.Allairspaceabove5,490misdesignatedClassA.ThereasonforthedivisionofClassEandClassAairspacestemsfromthetypeofplanesoperatinginthem.Generally,ClassEairspaceiswhereonefindsgeneralaviationaircraft(fewofwhichcanclimbabove5,490manyway),andcommercialturbopropaircraft.Above5,490mistherealmoftheheavyjets,sincejetenginesoperatemoreefficientlyathigheraltitudes.ThedifferencebetweenClassEandAairspaceisthatinClassA,alloperationsareIFR,andpilotsmustbeinstrument-rated,thatis,skilledandlicensedinaircraftinstrumentation.ThisisbecauseATCcontroloftheentirespaceisessential.Threeothertypesofairspace,ClassesD,CandB,governthevicinityofairports.Thesecorrespondroughlytosmallmunicipal,medium-sizedmetropolitanandmajormetropolitanairportsrespectively,andencompassanincreasinglyrigoroussetofregulations.Forexample,allaVFRpilothastodotoenterClassCairspaceisestablishtwo-wayradiocontactwithATC.NoexplicitpermissionfromATCtoenterisneeded,althoughthepilotmustcontinuetoobeyallregulationsgoverningVFRflight.ToenterClassBairspace,suchasonapproachtoamajormetropolitanairport,anexplicitATCclearance(飞机起降的许可)isrequired.Theprivatepilotwhocruiseswithoutpermissionintothisairspaceriskslosingtheirlicense.17.AirTrafficControlstartedaftertheGrandCanyoncrashin1956.
[判断题]AnaccidentthatoccurredintheskiesovertheGrandCanyonin1956resultedintheestablishmentoftheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)toregulateandoverseetheoperationofaircraftintheskiesovertheUnitedStates,whichwerebecomingquitecongested.TheresultingstructureofairtrafficcontrolhasgreatlyincreasedthesafetyofflightintheUnitedStates,andsimilarairtrafficcontrolproceduresarealsoinplaceovermuchoftherestoftheworld.Rudimentaryairtrafficcontrol(ATC)existedwellbeforetheGrandCanyondisaster.Asearlyasthe1920s,theearliestairtrafficcontrollersmanuallyguidedaircraftinthevicinityoftheairports,usinglightsandflags,whilebeaconsandflashinglightswereplacedalongcross-countryroutestoestablishtheearliestairways.However,thispurelyvisualsystemwasuselessinbadweather,and,bythe1930s,radiocommunicationwascomingintouseforATC.Thefirstregiontohavesomethingapproximatingtoday'sATCwasNewYorkCity,withothermajormetropolitanareasfollowingsoonafter.Inthe1940s,ATCcentrescouldanddidtakeadvantageofthenewlydevelopedradarandimprovedradiocommunicationbroughtaboutbytheSecondWorldWar,butthesystemremainedrudimentary.ItwasonlyafterthecreationoftheFAAthatfull-scaleregulationofAmerica'sairspacetookplace,andthiswasfortuitous,fortheadventofthejetenginesuddenlyresultedinalargenumberofveryfastplanes,reducingpilots'marginoferrorandpracticallydemandingsomesetofrulestokeepeveryonewellseparatedandoperatingsafelyintheair.ManypeoplethinkthatATCconsistsofarowofcontrollerssittinginfrontoftheirradarscreensatthenation'sairports,tellingarrivinganddepartingtrafficwhattodo.Thisisaveryincompletepartofthepicture.TheFAArealisedthattheairspaceovertheUnitedStateswouldatanytimehavemanydifferentkindsofplanes,flyingformanydifferentpurposes,inavarietyofweatherconditions,andthesamekindofstructurewasneededtoaccommodateallofthem.Tomeetthischallenge,thefollowingelementswereputintoeffect.First,ATCextendsovervirtuallytheentireUnitedStates.Ingeneral,from365mabovethegroundandhigher,theentirecountryisblanketedbycontrolledairspace.Incertainareas,mainlynearairports,controlledairspaceextendsdownto215mabovetheground,and,intheimmediatevicinityofanairport,allthewaydowntothesurface.ControlledairspaceisthatairspaceinwhichFAAregulationsapply.Elsewhere,inuncontrolledairspace,pilotsareboundbyfewerregulations.Inthisway,therecreationalpilotwhosimplywishestogoflyingforawhilewithoutalltherestrictionsimposedbytheFAAhasonlytostayinuncontrolledairspace,below365m,whilethepilotwhodoeswanttheprotectionaffordedbyATCcaneasilyenterthecontrolledairspace.TheFAAthenrecognisedtwotypesofoperatingenvironments.Ingoodmeteorologicalconditions,flyingwouldbepermittedunderVisualFlightRules(VFR,视觉飞行规则),whichsuggestsastrongrelianceonvisualcuestomaintainanacceptablelevelofsafety.PoorvisibilitynecessitatedasetofInstrumentalFlightRules(IFR,仪表飞行规则),underwhichthepilotreliedonaltitudeandnavigationalinformationprovidedbytheplane'sinstrumentpaneltoflysafely.Onaclearday,apilotincontrolledairspacecanchooseaVFRorIFRflightplan,andtheFAAregulationsweredevisedinawaywhichaccommodatesbothVFRandIFRoperationsinthesameairspace.However,apilotcanonlychoosetoflyIFRiftheypossessaninstrumentratingwhichisaboveandbeyondthebasicpilot'slicensethatmustalsobeheld.onaltitudeandnavigationalinformationprovidedbytheplane'sinstrumentpaneltoflysafely.Onaclearday,apilotincontrolledairspacecanchooseaVFRorIFRflightplan,andtheFAAregulationsweredevisedinawaywhichaccommodatesbothVFRandIFRoperationsinthesameairspace.However,apilotcanonlychoosetoflyIFRiftheypossessaninstrumentratingwhichisaboveandbeyondthebasicpilot'slicensethatmustalsobeheld.Controlledairspaceisdividedintoseveraldifferenttypes,designatedbylettersofthealphabet.UncontrolledairspaceisdesignatedClassF,whilecontrolledairspacebelow5,490mabovesealevelandnotinthevicinityofanairportisClassE.Allairspaceabove5,490misdesignatedClassA.ThereasonforthedivisionofClassEandClassAairspacestemsfromthetypeofplanesoperatinginthem.Generally,ClassEairspaceiswhereonefindsgeneralaviationaircraft(fewofwhichcanclimbabove5,490manyway),andcommercialturbopropaircraft.Above5,490mistherealmoftheheavyjets,sincejetenginesoperatemoreefficientlyathigheraltitudes.ThedifferencebetweenClassEandAairspaceisthatinClassA,alloperationsareIFR,andpilotsmustbeinstrument-rated,thatis,skilledandlicensedinaircraftinstrumentation.ThisisbecauseATCcontroloftheentirespaceisessential.Threeothertypesofairspace,ClassesD,CandB,governthevicinityofairports.Thesecorrespondroughlytosmallmunicipal,medium-sizedmetropolitanandmajormetropolitanairportsrespectively,andencompassanincreasinglyrigoroussetofregulations.Forexample,allaVFRpilothastodotoenterClassCairspaceisestablishtwo-wayradiocontactwithATC.NoexplicitpermissionfromATCtoenterisneeded,althoughthepilotmustcontinuetoobeyallregulationsgoverningVFRflight.ToenterClassBairspace,suchasonapproachtoamajormetropolitanairport,anexplicitATCclearance(飞机起降的许可)isrequired.Theprivatepilotwhocruiseswithoutpermissionintothisairspaceriskslosingtheirlicense.18.BeaconsandflashinglightsarestillusedbyATCtoday.
[判断题]AnaccidentthatoccurredintheskiesovertheGrandCanyonin1956resultedintheestablishmentoftheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)toregulateandoverseetheoperationofaircraftintheskiesovertheUnitedStates,whichwerebecomingquitecongested.TheresultingstructureofairtrafficcontrolhasgreatlyincreasedthesafetyofflightintheUnitedStates,andsimilarairtrafficcontrolproceduresarealsoinplaceovermuchoftherestoftheworld.Rudimentaryairtrafficcontrol(ATC)existedwellbeforetheGrandCanyondisaster.Asearlyasthe1920s,theearliestairtrafficcontrollersmanuallyguidedaircraftinthevicinityoftheairports,usinglightsandflags,whilebeaconsandflashinglightswereplacedalongcross-countryroutestoestablishtheearliestairways.However,thispurelyvisualsystemwasuselessinbadweather,and,bythe1930s,radiocommunicationwascomingintouseforATC.Thefirstregiontohavesomethingapproximatingtoday'sATCwasNewYorkCity,withothermajormetropolitanareasfollowingsoonafter.Inthe1940s,ATCcentrescouldanddidtakeadvantageofthenewlydevelopedradarandimprovedradiocommunicationbroughtaboutbytheSecondWorldWar,butthesystemremainedrudimentary.ItwasonlyafterthecreationoftheFAAthatfull-scaleregulationofAmerica'sairspacetookplace,andthiswasfortuitous,fortheadventofthejetenginesuddenlyresultedinalargenumberofveryfastplanes,reducingpilots'marginoferrorandpracticallydemandingsomesetofrulestokeepeveryonewellseparatedandoperatingsafelyintheair.ManypeoplethinkthatATCconsistsofarowofcontrollerssittinginfrontoftheirradarscreensatthenation'sairports,tellingarrivinganddepartingtrafficwhattodo.Thisisaveryincompletepartofthepicture.TheFAArealisedthattheairspaceovertheUnitedStateswouldatanytimehavemanydifferentkindsofplanes,flyingformanydifferentpurposes,inavarietyofweatherconditions,andthesamekindofstructurewasneededtoaccommodateallofthem.Tomeetthischallenge,thefollowingelementswereputintoeffect.First,ATCextendsovervirtuallytheentireUnitedStates.Ingeneral,from365mabovethegroundandhigher,theentirecountryisblanketedbycontrolledairspace.Incertainareas,mainlynearairports,controlledairspaceextendsdownto215mabovetheground,and,intheimmediatevicinityofanairport,allthewaydowntothesurface.ControlledairspaceisthatairspaceinwhichFAAregulationsapply.Elsewhere,inuncontrolledairspace,pilotsareboundbyfewerregulations.Inthisway,therecreationalpilotwhosimplywishestogoflyingforawhilewithoutalltherestrictionsimposedbytheFAAhasonlytostayinuncontrolledairspace,below365m,whilethepilotwhodoeswanttheprotectionaffordedbyATCcaneasilyenterthecontrolledairspace.TheFAAthenrecognisedtwotypesofoperatingenvironments.Ingoodmeteorologicalconditions,flyingwouldbepermittedunderVisualFlightRules(VFR,视觉飞行规则),whichsuggestsastrongrelianceonvisualcuestomaintainanacceptablelevelofsafety.PoorvisibilitynecessitatedasetofInstrumentalFlightRules(IFR,仪表飞行规则),underwhichthepilotreliedonaltitudeandnavigationalinformationprovidedbytheplane'sinstrumentpaneltoflysafely.Onaclearday,apilotincontrolledairspacecanchooseaVFRorIFRflightplan,andtheFAAregulationsweredevisedinawaywhichaccommodatesbothVFRandIFRoperationsinthesameairspace.However,apilotcanonlychoosetoflyIFRiftheypossessaninstrumentratingwhichisaboveandbeyondthebasicpilot'slicensethatmustalsobeheld.onaltitudeandnavigationalinformationprovidedbytheplane'sinstrumentpaneltoflysafely.Onaclearday,apilotincontrolledairspacecanchooseaVFRorIFRflightplan,andtheFAAregulationsweredevisedinawaywhichaccommodatesbothVFRandIFRoperationsinthesameairspace.However,apilotcanonlychoosetoflyIFRiftheypossessaninstrumentratingwhichisaboveandbeyondthebasicpilot'slicensethatmustalsobeheld.Controlledairspaceisdividedintoseveraldifferenttypes,designatedbylettersofthealphabet.UncontrolledairspaceisdesignatedClassF,whilecontrolledairspacebelow5,490mabovesealevelandnotinthevicinityofanairportisClassE.Allairspaceabove5,490misdesignatedClassA.ThereasonforthedivisionofClassEandClassAairspacestemsfromthetypeofplanesoperatinginthem.Generally,ClassEairspaceiswhereonefindsgeneralaviationaircraft(fewofwhichcanclimbabove5,490manyway),andcommercialturbopropaircraft.Above5,490mistherealmoftheheavyjets,sincejetenginesoperatemoreefficientlyathigheraltitudes.ThedifferencebetweenClassEandAairspaceisthatinClassA,alloperationsareIFR,andpilotsmustbeinstrument-rated,thatis,skilledandlicensedinaircraftinstrumentation.ThisisbecauseATCcontroloftheentirespaceisessential.Threeothertypesofairspace,ClassesD,CandB,governthevicinityofairports.Thesecorrespondroughlytosmallmunicipal,medium-sizedmetropolitanandmajormetropolitanairportsrespectively,andencompassanincreasinglyrigoroussetofregulations.Forexample,allaVFRpilothastodotoenterClassCairspaceisestablishtwo-wayradiocontactwithATC.NoexplicitpermissionfromATCtoenterisneeded,althoughthepilotmustcontinuetoobeyallregulationsgoverningVFRflight.ToenterClassBairspace,suchasonapproachtoamajormetropolitanairport,anexplicitATCclearance(飞机起降的许可)isrequired.Theprivatepilotwhocruiseswithoutpermissionintothisairspaceriskslosingtheirlicense.19.SomeimprovementsweremadeinradiocommunicationduringWorldWarⅡ.
[判断题]AnaccidentthatoccurredintheskiesovertheGrandCanyonin1956resultedintheestablishmentoftheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)toregulateandoverseetheoperationofaircraftintheskiesovertheUnitedStates,whichwerebecomingquitecongested.TheresultingstructureofairtrafficcontrolhasgreatlyincreasedthesafetyofflightintheUnitedStates,andsimilarairtrafficcontrolproceduresarealsoinplaceovermuchoftherestoftheworld.Rudimentaryairtrafficcontrol(ATC)existedwellbeforetheGrandCanyondisaster.Asearlyasthe1920s,theearliestairtrafficcontrollersmanuallyguidedaircraftinthevicinityoftheairports,usinglightsandflags,whilebeaconsandflashinglightswereplacedalongcross-countryroutestoestablishtheearliestairways.However,thispurelyvisualsystemwasuselessinbadweather,and,bythe1930s,radiocommunicationwascomingintouseforATC.Thefirstregiontohavesomethingapproximatingtoday'sATCwasNewYorkCity,withothermajormetropolitanareasfollowingsoonafter.Inthe1940s,ATCcentrescouldanddidtakeadvantageofthenewlydevelopedradarandimprovedradiocommunicationbroughtaboutbytheSecondWorldWar,butthesystemremainedrudimentary.ItwasonlyafterthecreationoftheFAAthatfull-scaleregulationofAmerica'sairspacetookplace,andthiswasfortuitous,fortheadventofthejetenginesuddenlyresultedinalargenumberofveryfastplanes,reducingpilots'marginoferrorandpracticallydemandingsomesetofrulestokeepeveryonewellseparatedandoperatingsafelyintheair.ManypeoplethinkthatATCconsistsofarowofcontrollerssittinginfrontoftheirradarscreensatthenation'sairports,tellingarrivinganddepartingtrafficwhattodo.Thisisaveryincompletepartofthepicture.TheFAArealisedthattheairspaceovertheUnitedStateswouldatanytimehavemanydifferentkindsofplanes,flyingformanydifferentpurposes,inavarietyofweatherconditions,andthesamekindofstructurewasneededtoaccommodateallofthem.Tomeetthischallenge,thefollowingelementswereputintoeffect.First,ATCextendsovervirtuallytheentireUnitedStates.Ingeneral,from365mabovethegroundandhigher,theentirecountryisblanketedbycontrolledairspace.Incertainareas,mainlynearairports,controlledairspaceextendsdownto215mabovetheground,and,intheimmediatevicinityofanairport,allthewaydowntothesurface.ControlledairspaceisthatairspaceinwhichFAAregulationsapply.Elsewhere,inuncontrolledairspace,pilotsareboundbyfewerregulations.Inthisway,therecreationalpilotwhosimplywishestogoflyingforawhilewithoutalltherestrictionsimposedbytheFAAhasonlytostayinuncontrolledairspace,below365m,whilethepilotwhodoeswanttheprotectionaffordedbyATCcaneasilyenterthecontrolledairspace.TheFAAthenrecognisedtwotypesofoperatingenvironments.Ingoodmeteorologicalconditions,flyingwouldbepermittedunderVisualFlightRules(VFR,视觉飞行规则),whichsuggestsastrongrelianceonvisualcuestomaintainanacceptablelevelofsafety.PoorvisibilitynecessitatedasetofInstrumentalFlightRules(IFR,仪表飞行规则),underwhichthepilotreliedonaltitudeandnavigationalinformationprovidedbytheplane'sinstrumentpaneltoflysafely.Onaclearday,apilotincontrolledairspacecanchooseaVFRorIFRflightplan,andtheFAAregulationsweredevisedinawaywhichaccommodatesbothVFRandIFRoperationsinthesameairspace.However,apilotcanonlychoosetoflyIFRiftheypossessaninstrumentratingwhichisaboveandbeyondthebasicpilot'slicensethatmustalsobeheld.onaltitudeandnavigationalinformationprovidedbytheplane'sinstrumentpaneltoflysafely.Onaclearday,apilotincontrolledairspacecanchooseaVFRorIFRflightplan,andtheFAAregulationsweredevisedinawaywhichaccommodatesbothVFRandIFRoperationsinthesameairspace.However,apilotcanonlychoosetoflyIFRiftheypossessaninstrumentratingwhichisaboveandbeyondthebasicpilot'slicensethatmustalsobeheld.Controlledairspaceisdividedintoseveraldifferenttypes,designatedbylettersofthealphabet.UncontrolledairspaceisdesignatedClassF,whilecontrolledairspacebelow5,490mabovesealevelandnotinthevicinityofanairportisClassE.Allairspaceabove5,490misdesignatedClassA.ThereasonforthedivisionofClassEandClassAairspacestemsfromthetypeofplanesoperatinginthem.Generally,ClassEairspaceiswhereonefindsgeneralaviationaircraft(fewofwhichcanclimbabove5,490manyway),andcommercialturbopropaircraft.Above5,490mistherealmoftheheavyjets,sincejetenginesoperatemoreefficientlyathigheraltitudes.ThedifferencebetweenClassEandAairspaceisthatinClassA,alloperationsareIFR,andpilotsmustbeinstrument-rated,thatis,skilledandlicensedinaircraftinstrumentation.ThisisbecauseATCcontroloftheentirespaceisessential.Threeothertypesofairspace,ClassesD,CandB,governthevicinityofairports.Thesecorrespondroughlytosmallmunicipal,medium-sizedmetropolitanandmajormetropolitanairportsrespectively,andencompassanincreasinglyrigoroussetofregulations.Forexample,allaVFRpilothastodotoenterClassCairspaceisestablishtwo-wayradiocontactwithATC.NoexplicitpermissionfromATCtoenterisneeded,althoughthepilotmustcontinuetoobeyallregulationsgoverningVFRflight.ToenterClassBairspace,suchasonapproachtoamajormetropolitanairport,anexplicitATCclearance(飞机起降的许可)isrequired.Theprivatepilotwhocruiseswithoutpermissionintothisairspaceriskslosingtheirlicense.20.ClassFairspaceisairspacewhichisbelow365mandnotnearairports.
[判断题]AnaccidentthatoccurredintheskiesovertheGrandCanyonin1956resultedintheestablishmentoftheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)toregulateandoverseetheoperationofaircraftintheskiesovertheUnitedStates,whichwerebecomingquitecongested.TheresultingstructureofairtrafficcontrolhasgreatlyincreasedthesafetyofflightintheUnitedStates,andsimilarairtrafficcontrolproceduresarealsoinplaceovermuchoftherestoftheworld.Rudimentaryairtrafficcontrol(ATC)existedwellbeforetheGrandCanyondisaster.Asearlyasthe1920s,theearliestairtrafficcontrollersmanuallyguidedaircraftinthevicinityoftheairports,usinglightsandflags,whilebeaconsandflashinglightswereplacedalongcross-countryroutestoestablishtheearliestairways.However,thispurelyvisualsystemwasuselessinbadweather,and,bythe1930s,radiocommunicationwascomingintouseforATC.Thefirstregiontohavesomethingapproximatingtoday'sATCwasNewYorkCity,withothermajormetropolitanareasfollowingsoonafter.Inthe1940s,ATCcentrescouldanddidtakeadvantageofthenewlydevelopedradarandimprovedradiocommunicationbroughtaboutbytheSecondWorldWar,butthesystemremainedrudimentary.ItwasonlyafterthecreationoftheFAAthatfull-scaleregulationofAmerica'sairspacetookplace,andthiswasfortuitous,fortheadventofthejetenginesuddenlyresultedinalargenumberofveryfastplanes,reducingpilots'marginoferrorandpracticallydemandingsomesetofrulestokeepeveryonewellseparatedandoperatingsafelyintheair.ManypeoplethinkthatATCconsistsofarowofcontrollerssittinginfrontoftheirradarscreensatthenation'sairports,tellingarrivinganddepartingtrafficwhattodo.Thisisaveryincompletepartofthepicture.TheFAArealisedthattheairspaceovertheUnitedStateswouldatanytimehavemanydifferentkindsofplanes,flyingformanydifferentpurposes,inavarietyofweatherconditions,andthesamekindofstructurewasneededtoaccommodateallofthem.Tomeetthischallenge,thefollowingelementswereputintoeffect.First,ATCextendsovervirtuallytheentireUnitedStates.Ingeneral,from365mabovethegroundandhigher,theentirecountryisblanketedbycontrolledairspace.Incertainareas,mainlynearairports,controlledairspaceextendsdownto215mabovetheground,and,intheimmediatevicinityofanairport,allthewaydowntothesurface.ControlledairspaceisthatairspaceinwhichFAAregulationsapply.Elsewhere,inuncontrolledairspace,pilotsareboundbyfewerregulations.Inthisway,therecreationalpilotwhosimplywishestogoflyingforawhilewithoutalltherestrictionsimposedbytheFAAhasonlytostayinuncontrolledairspace,below365m,whilethepilotwhodoeswanttheprotectionaffordedbyATCcaneasilyenterthecontrolledairspace.TheFAAthenrecognisedtwotypesofoperatingenvironments.Ingoodmeteorologicalconditions,flyingwouldbepermittedunderVisualFlightRules(VFR,视觉飞行规则),whichsuggestsastrongrelianceonvisualcuestomaintainanacceptablelevelofsafety.PoorvisibilitynecessitatedasetofInstrumentalFlightRules(IFR,仪表飞行规则),underwhichthepilotreliedonaltitudeandnavigationalinformationprovidedbytheplane'sinstrumentpaneltoflysafely.Onaclearday,apilotincontrolledairspacecanchooseaVFRorIFRflightplan,andtheFAAregulationsweredevisedinawaywhichaccommodatesbothVFRandIFRoperationsinthesameairspace.However,apilotcanonlychoosetoflyIFRiftheypossessaninstrumentratingwhichisaboveandbeyondthebasicpilot'slicensethatmustalsobeheld.onaltitudeandnavigationalinformationprovidedbytheplane'sinstrumentpaneltoflysafely.Onaclearday,apilotincontrolledairspacecanchooseaVFRorIFRflightplan,andtheFAAregulationsweredevisedinawaywhichaccommodatesbothVFRandIFRoperationsinthesameairspace.However,apilotcanonlychoosetoflyIFRiftheypossessaninstrumentratingwhichisaboveandbeyondthebasicpilot'slicensethatmustalsobeheld.Controlledairspaceisdividedintoseveraldifferenttypes,designatedbylettersofthealphabet.UncontrolledairspaceisdesignatedClassF,whilecontrolledairspacebelow5,490mabovesealevelandnotinthevicinityofanairportisClassE.Allairspaceabove5,490misdesignatedClassA.ThereasonforthedivisionofClassEandClassAairspacestemsfromthetypeofplanesoperatinginthem.Generally,ClassEairspaceiswhereonefindsgeneralaviationaircraft(fewofwhichcanclimbabove5,490manyway),andcommercialturbopropaircraft.Above5,490mistherealmoftheheavyjets,sincejetenginesoperatemoreefficientlyathigheraltitudes.ThedifferencebetweenClassEandAairspaceisthatinClassA,alloperationsareIFR,andpilotsmustbeinstrument-rated,thatis,skilledandlicensedinaircraftinstrumentation.ThisisbecauseATCcontroloftheentirespaceisessential.Threeothertypesofairspace,ClassesD,CandB,governthevicinityofairports.Thesecorrespondroughlytosmallmunicipal,medium-sizedmetropolitanandmajormetropolitanairportsrespectively,andencompassanincreasinglyrigoroussetofregulations.Forexample,allaVFRpilothastodotoenterClassCairspaceisestablishtwo-wayradiocontactwithATC.NoexplicitpermissionfromATCtoenterisneeded,althoughthepilotmustcontinuetoobeyallregulationsgoverningVFRflight.ToenterClassBairspace,suchasonapproachtoamajormetropolitanairport,anexplicitATCclearance(飞机起降的许可)isrequired.Theprivatepilotwhocruiseswithoutpermissionintothisairspaceriskslosingtheirlicense.21.AllaircraftinClassEairspacemustuseIFR.
[判断题]AnaccidentthatoccurredintheskiesovertheGrandCanyonin1956resultedintheestablishmentoftheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)toregulateandoverseetheoperationofaircraftintheskiesovertheUnitedStates,whichwerebecomingquitecongested.TheresultingstructureofairtrafficcontrolhasgreatlyincreasedthesafetyofflightintheUnitedStates,andsimilarairtrafficcontrolproceduresarealsoinplaceovermuchoftherestoftheworld.Rudimentaryairtrafficcontrol(ATC)existedwellbeforetheGrandCanyondisaster.Asearlyasthe1920s,theearliestairtrafficcontrollersmanuallyguidedaircraftinthevicinityoftheairports,usinglightsandflags,whilebeaconsandflashinglightswereplacedalongcross-countryroutestoestablishtheearliestairways.However,thispurelyvisualsystemwasuselessinbadweather,and,bythe1930s,radiocommunicationwascomingintouseforATC.Thefirstregiontohavesomethingapproximatingtoday'sATCwasNewYorkCity,withothermajormetropolitanareasfollowingsoonafter.Inthe1940s,ATCcentrescouldanddidtakeadvantageofthenewlydevelopedradarandimprovedradiocommunicationbroughtaboutbytheSecondWorldWar,butthesystemremainedrudimentary.ItwasonlyafterthecreationoftheFAAthatfull-scaleregulationofAmerica'sairspacetookplace,andthiswasfortuitous,fortheadventofthejetenginesuddenlyresultedinalargenumberofveryfastplanes,reducingpilots'marginoferrorandpracticallydemandingsomesetofrulestokeepeveryonewellseparatedandoperatingsafelyintheair.ManypeoplethinkthatATCconsistsofarowofcontrollerssittinginfrontoftheirradarscreensatthenation'sairports,tellingarrivinganddepartingtrafficwhattodo.Thisisaveryincompletepartofthepicture.TheFAArealisedthattheairspaceovertheUnitedStateswouldatanytimehavemanydifferentkindsofplanes,flyingformanydifferentpurposes,inavarietyofweatherconditions,andthesamekindofstructurewasneededtoaccommodateallofthem.Tomeetthischallenge,thefollowingelementswereputintoeffect.First,ATCextendsovervirtuallytheentireUnitedStates.Ingeneral,from365mabovethegroundandhigher,theentirecountryisblanketedbycontrolledairspace.Incertainareas,mainlynearairports,controlledairspaceextendsdownto215mabovetheground,and,intheimmediatevicinityofanairport,allthewaydowntothesurface.ControlledairspaceisthatairspaceinwhichFAAregulationsapply.Elsewhere,inuncontrolledairspace,pilotsareboundbyfewerregulations.Inthisway,therecreationalpilotwhosimplywishestogoflyingforawhilewithoutalltherestrictionsimposedbytheFAAhasonlytostayinuncontrolledairspace,below365m,whilethepilotwhodoeswanttheprotectionaffordedbyATCcaneasilyenterthecontrolledairspace.TheFAAthenrecognisedtwotypesofoperatingenvironments.Ingoodmeteorologicalconditions,flyingwouldbepermittedunderVisualFlightRules(VFR,视觉飞行规则),whichsuggestsastrongrelianceonvisualcuestomaintainanacceptablelevelofsafety.PoorvisibilitynecessitatedasetofInstrumentalFlightRules(IFR,仪表飞行规则),underwhichthepilotreliedonaltitudeandnavigationalinformationprovidedbytheplane'sinstrumentpaneltoflysafely.Onaclearday,apilotincontrolledairspacecanchooseaVFRorIFRflightplan,andtheFAAregulationsweredevisedinawaywhichaccommodatesbothVFRandIFRoperationsinthesameairspace.However,apilotcanonlychoosetoflyIFRiftheypossessaninstrumentratingwhichisaboveandbeyondthebasicpilot'slicensethatmustalsobeheld.onaltitudeandnavigationalinformationprovidedbytheplane'sinstrumentpaneltoflysafely.Onaclearday,apilotincontrolledairspacecanchooseaVFRorIFRflightplan,andtheFAAregulationsweredevisedinawaywhichaccommodatesbothVFRandIFRoperationsinthesameairspace.However,apilotcanonlychoosetoflyIFRiftheypossessaninstrumentratingwhichisaboveandbeyondthebasicpilot'slicensethatmustalsobeheld.Controlledairspaceisdividedintoseveraldifferenttypes,designatedbylettersofthealphabet.UncontrolledairspaceisdesignatedClassF,whilecontrolledairspacebelow5,490mabovesealevelandnotinthevicinityofanairportisClassE.Allairspaceabove5,490misdesignatedClassA.ThereasonforthedivisionofClassEandClassAairspacestemsfromthetypeofplanesoperatinginthem.Generally,ClassEairspaceiswhereonefindsgeneralaviationaircraft(fewofwhichcanclimbabove5,490manyway),andcommercialturbopropaircraft.Above5,490mistherealmoftheheavyjets,sincejetenginesoperatemoreefficientlyathigheraltitudes.ThedifferencebetweenClassEandAairspaceisthatinClassA,alloperationsareIFR,andpilotsmustbeinstrument-rated,thatis,skilledandlicensedinaircraftinstrumentation.ThisisbecauseATCcontroloftheentirespaceisessential.Threeothertypesofairspace,ClassesD,CandB,governthevicinityofairports.Thesecorrespondroughlytosmallmunicipal,medium-sizedmetropolitanandmajormetropolitanairportsrespectively,andencompassanincreasinglyrigoroussetofregulations.Forexample,allaVFRpilothastodotoenterClassCairspaceisestablishtwo-wayradiocontactwithATC.NoexplicitpermissionfromATCtoenterisneeded,althoughthepilotmustcontinuetoobeyallregulationsgoverningVFRflight.ToenterClassBairspace,suchasonapproachtoamajormetropolitanairport,anexplicitATCclearance(飞机起降的许可)isrequired.Theprivatepilotwhocruiseswithoutpermissionintothisairspaceriskslosingtheirlicense.22.ApilotenteringClassCairspaceisflyingoveranaverage-sizedcity.
