[判断题]WomenareworsethanmenatturningnetworkstotheiradvantageINTHErarefiedworldofthecorporateboard,agoodnetworkmatters.Recruitmentofteninvolvesword-of-mouthrecommendations:gettingonashortlistiseasierifyouhavetherightconnections.Newresearchsuggestsmenusecontactsbetterthanwomen.MarieLalanneandPaulSeabrightoftheToulouseSchoolofEconomicsmeasuretheeffectofanetworkonremunerationusingadatabaseofboardmembersinEuropeandAmerica.Theyfindthatifyouweretocomparetwoexecutivedirectors,identicalineverywayexceptthatonehad200ex-colleaguesnowsittingonboardsandtheother400,thelatter,onaverage,wouldbepaid6%more.Fornon-executivesthegapis14%.Thereallyjuicyfindingconcernsthedifferencebetweenthesexes.Amongexecutive-boardmembers,womenearn17%lessthantheirmalecounterparts.Thereareplentyofplausibleexplanationsforthisdisparity,frominterruptionstowomen’scareerstoold-fashioneddiscrimination.Buttheauthorsfindthatthispaygapcanbefullyexplainedbytheeffectofexecutives’networks.Mencanleveragealargenetworkintomoreseniorpositionsoraseatonamorelucrativeboard;womendon’tseemtobeableto.Womencouldjusthaveweakerconnectionswithmembersoftheirnetworks.“Womenseemmoreinclinedtobuildandrelyononlyafewstrongrelationships,”saysMrSeabright.Menarebetteratdevelopingpassingacquaintancesintoanetwork,andbetteratmaintainingahighpersonalprofilethroughthesecontacts.Womenmay,ofcourse,alsobehurtbytheexistingdominanceofmenonboardsandamalepreferenceforfillingexecutivepositionswithothermen.Butatendencytothinkofothermenfirstwillbeamplifiediftalentedwomendon’tstayontheradar.Interestingly,thereisonlyamarginalpaydifferencebetweenmenandwomenwhenitcomestonon-executivedirectors,andnodifferenceintheeffectivenessoftheirnetworks.Itispossiblethatthisreflectspressurefor“genderquotas”oncorporateboards.Womenareabletofindtheirwayontoshortlistsforlower-paid,non-executivepositions.Butthat’snotwheretherealpowerlies.3.Althoughmenarebetteratbuildingpassingacquaintancesintoanetwork,theyarelessactiveinthesecontacts.
[判断题]WomenareworsethanmenatturningnetworkstotheiradvantageINTHErarefiedworldofthecorporateboard,agoodnetworkmatters.Recruitmentofteninvolvesword-of-mouthrecommendations:gettingonashortlistiseasierifyouhavetherightconnections.Newresearchsuggestsmenusecontactsbetterthanwomen.MarieLalanneandPaulSeabrightoftheToulouseSchoolofEconomicsmeasuretheeffectofanetworkonremunerationusingadatabaseofboardmembersinEuropeandAmerica.Theyfindthatifyouweretocomparetwoexecutivedirectors,identicalineverywayexceptthatonehad200ex-colleaguesnowsittingonboardsandtheother400,thelatter,onaverage,wouldbepaid6%more.Fornon-executivesthegapis14%.Thereallyjuicyfindingconcernsthedifferencebetweenthesexes.Amongexecutive-boardmembers,womenearn17%lessthantheirmalecounterparts.Thereareplentyofplausibleexplanationsforthisdisparity,frominterruptionstowomen’scareerstoold-fashioneddiscrimination.Buttheauthorsfindthatthispaygapcanbefullyexplainedbytheeffectofexecutives’networks.Mencanleveragealargenetworkintomoreseniorpositionsoraseatonamorelucrativeboard;womendon’tseemtobeableto.Womencouldjusthaveweakerconnectionswithmembersoftheirnetworks.“Womenseemmoreinclinedtobuildandrelyononlyafewstrongrelationships,”saysMrSeabright.Menarebetteratdevelopingpassingacquaintancesintoanetwork,andbetteratmaintainingahighpersonalprofilethroughthesecontacts.Womenmay,ofcourse,alsobehurtbytheexistingdominanceofmenonboardsandamalepreferenceforfillingexecutivepositionswithothermen.Butatendencytothinkofothermenfirstwillbeamplifiediftalentedwomendon’tstayontheradar.Interestingly,thereisonlyamarginalpaydifferencebetweenmenandwomenwhenitcomestonon-executivedirectors,andnodifferenceintheeffectivenessoftheirnetworks.Itispossiblethatthisreflectspressurefor“genderquotas”oncorporateboards.Womenareabletofindtheirwayontoshortlistsforlower-paid,non-executivepositions.Butthat’snotwheretherealpowerlies.4.Thestudyfoundthateventhoughwomencangetjobsbyacceptinglowerpayorenteringnon-executiveareas,thatisnottheresultoftheoptimalallocationofresources.
[判断题]WomenareworsethanmenatturningnetworkstotheiradvantageINTHErarefiedworldofthecorporateboard,agoodnetworkmatters.Recruitmentofteninvolvesword-of-mouthrecommendations:gettingonashortlistiseasierifyouhavetherightconnections.Newresearchsuggestsmenusecontactsbetterthanwomen.MarieLalanneandPaulSeabrightoftheToulouseSchoolofEconomicsmeasuretheeffectofanetworkonremunerationusingadatabaseofboardmembersinEuropeandAmerica.Theyfindthatifyouweretocomparetwoexecutivedirectors,identicalineverywayexceptthatonehad200ex-colleaguesnowsittingonboardsandtheother400,thelatter,onaverage,wouldbepaid6%more.Fornon-executivesthegapis14%.Thereallyjuicyfindingconcernsthedifferencebetweenthesexes.Amongexecutive-boardmembers,womenearn17%lessthantheirmalecounterparts.Thereareplentyofplausibleexplanationsforthisdisparity,frominterruptionstowomen’scareerstoold-fashioneddiscrimination.Buttheauthorsfindthatthispaygapcanbefullyexplainedbytheeffectofexecutives’networks.Mencanleveragealargenetworkintomoreseniorpositionsoraseatonamorelucrativeboard;womendon’tseemtobeableto.Womencouldjusthaveweakerconnectionswithmembersoftheirnetworks.“Womenseemmoreinclinedtobuildandrelyononlyafewstrongrelationships,”saysMrSeabright.Menarebetteratdevelopingpassingacquaintancesintoanetwork,andbetteratmaintainingahighpersonalprofilethroughthesecontacts.Womenmay,ofcourse,alsobehurtbytheexistingdominanceofmenonboardsandamalepreferenceforfillingexecutivepositionswithothermen.Butatendencytothinkofothermenfirstwillbeamplifiediftalentedwomendon’tstayontheradar.Interestingly,thereisonlyamarginalpaydifferencebetweenmenandwomenwhenitcomestonon-executivedirectors,andnodifferenceintheeffectivenessoftheirnetworks.Itispossiblethatthisreflectspressurefor“genderquotas”oncorporateboards.Womenareabletofindtheirwayontoshortlistsforlower-paid,non-executivepositions.Butthat’snotwheretherealpowerlies.5.Recentresearchshowsthatwomenarelessadeptatusingtheirinterpersonalrelationships.
[判断题]IITrueorFalseWhenLadyGagareleasesanewsingle,itquicklygoesaroundtheworld.Nowscientistshavediscoveredthesamethinghappenswiththesongsofanotherunusualandinterestingcreature–thehumpbackwhale.Themammalsbecomeinterestedinnewtunesjustlikepeopledo,andthemostpopularoriginalwhalesongsspreadgloballylikehitsingles.Thediscoveryhasastonishedexpertswhosayitisthefirsttimesuchalarge,“population-wideculturalexchange”hasbeenseenintheanimalkingdom.Malehumpbackwhalesarewell-knownfortheloud,longandcomplexsongstheymakeduringthematingseason.Scientistsareunsurewhythemalessing.Somebelieveitisawayofadvertisingthemselvestofemales,othersholdthatitallowsmigratingwhalestostayincontact.Eachsonglastsfor10to20minutesandthemalescansingcontinuouslyfor24hours.Atanyperiodoftime,allthemalesinapopulationsingthesamesong.Butastudy,publishedinthejournalCurrentBiology,showsthatthissongchangesovertimeandspreadsaroundtheoceans.Dr.EllenGarland,ofQueenslandUniversity,said:“Ourfindingsshowculturalexchangeonavastscale.Songsmovelikeculturalripplesfromonepopulationtoanother,causingallmalestochangetheirsongtoanewversion.”ResearchersrecordedsongsfromsixneighboringpopulationsofwhalesinthePacificoveradecade.Theyfoundthatnewversionsofthesongsappearovertimeandalwaysspreadfromwesttoeast.IttakesaroundtwoyearsforsongsthatappearinthewatersoffAustraliatobeheardinFrenchPolynesia.Dr.Garlandbelievesthatasmallnumberofwhalesmaymigratetootherpopulationscarryingthenewsongswiththem,orthattheyareheardbypassingwhales.Dr.Garlandsaid,“Wethinkthismalesearchforsongnoveltyisinthehopeofbeingthatlittlebitdifferentandperhapsmoreattractivetotheoppositesex.”1.TheauthormentionsLadyGagatoprovethepopularityofherhitsingles.
[判断题]WhenLadyGagareleasesanewsingle,itquicklygoesaroundtheworld.Nowscientistshavediscoveredthesamethinghappenswiththesongsofanotherunusualandinterestingcreature–thehumpbackwhale.Themammalsbecomeinterestedinnewtunesjustlikepeopledo,andthemostpopularoriginalwhalesongsspreadgloballylikehitsingles.Thediscoveryhasastonishedexpertswhosayitisthefirsttimesuchalarge,“population-wideculturalexchange”hasbeenseenintheanimalkingdom.Malehumpbackwhalesarewell-knownfortheloud,longandcomplexsongstheymakeduringthematingseason.Scientistsareunsurewhythemalessing.Somebelieveitisawayofadvertisingthemselvestofemales,othersholdthatitallowsmigratingwhalestostayincontact.Eachsonglastsfor10to20minutesandthemalescansingcontinuouslyfor24hours.Atanyperiodoftime,allthemalesinapopulationsingthesamesong.Butastudy,publishedinthejournalCurrentBiology,showsthatthissongchangesovertimeandspreadsaroundtheoceans.Dr.EllenGarland,ofQueenslandUniversity,said:“Ourfindingsshowculturalexchangeonavastscale.Songsmovelikeculturalripplesfromonepopulationtoanother,causingallmalestochangetheirsongtoanewversion.”ResearchersrecordedsongsfromsixneighboringpopulationsofwhalesinthePacificoveradecade.Theyfoundthatnewversionsofthesongsappearovertimeandalwaysspreadfromwesttoeast.IttakesaroundtwoyearsforsongsthatappearinthewatersoffAustraliatobeheardinFrenchPolynesia.Dr.Garlandbelievesthatasmallnumberofwhalesmaymigratetootherpopulationscarryingthenewsongswiththem,orthattheyareheardbypassingwhales.Dr.Garlandsaid,“Wethinkthismalesearchforsongnoveltyisinthehopeofbeingthatlittlebitdifferentandperhapsmoreattractivetotheoppositesex.”2.Theunderlinedword“release”inParagraph1means“announce”.
[判断题]WhenLadyGagareleasesanewsingle,itquicklygoesaroundtheworld.Nowscientistshavediscoveredthesamethinghappenswiththesongsofanotherunusualandinterestingcreature–thehumpbackwhale.Themammalsbecomeinterestedinnewtunesjustlikepeopledo,andthemostpopularoriginalwhalesongsspreadgloballylikehitsingles.Thediscoveryhasastonishedexpertswhosayitisthefirsttimesuchalarge,“population-wideculturalexchange”hasbeenseenintheanimalkingdom.Malehumpbackwhalesarewell-knownfortheloud,longandcomplexsongstheymakeduringthematingseason.Scientistsareunsurewhythemalessing.Somebelieveitisawayofadvertisingthemselvestofemales,othersholdthatitallowsmigratingwhalestostayincontact.Eachsonglastsfor10to20minutesandthemalescansingcontinuouslyfor24hours.Atanyperiodoftime,allthemalesinapopulationsingthesamesong.Butastudy,publishedinthejournalCurrentBiology,showsthatthissongchangesovertimeandspreadsaroundtheoceans.Dr.EllenGarland,ofQueenslandUniversity,said:“Ourfindingsshowculturalexchangeonavastscale.Songsmovelikeculturalripplesfromonepopulationtoanother,causingallmalestochangetheirsongtoanewversion.”ResearchersrecordedsongsfromsixneighboringpopulationsofwhalesinthePacificoveradecade.Theyfoundthatnewversionsofthesongsappearovertimeandalwaysspreadfromwesttoeast.IttakesaroundtwoyearsforsongsthatappearinthewatersoffAustraliatobeheardinFrenchPolynesia.Dr.Garlandbelievesthatasmallnumberofwhalesmaymigratetootherpopulationscarryingthenewsongswiththem,orthattheyareheardbypassingwhales.Dr.Garlandsaid,“Wethinkthismalesearchforsongnoveltyisinthehopeofbeingthatlittlebitdifferentandperhapsmoreattractivetotheoppositesex.”3.Thediscoveryisveryastonishingtoexperts,becauseitrevealstheexistenceofculturalchange.
[判断题]WhenLadyGagareleasesanewsingle,itquicklygoesaroundtheworld.Nowscientistshavediscoveredthesamethinghappenswiththesongsofanotherunusualandinterestingcreature–thehumpbackwhale.Themammalsbecomeinterestedinnewtunesjustlikepeopledo,andthemostpopularoriginalwhalesongsspreadgloballylikehitsingles.Thediscoveryhasastonishedexpertswhosayitisthefirsttimesuchalarge,“population-wideculturalexchange”hasbeenseenintheanimalkingdom.Malehumpbackwhalesarewell-knownfortheloud,longandcomplexsongstheymakeduringthematingseason.Scientistsareunsurewhythemalessing.Somebelieveitisawayofadvertisingthemselvestofemales,othersholdthatitallowsmigratingwhalestostayincontact.Eachsonglastsfor10to20minutesandthemalescansingcontinuouslyfor24hours.Atanyperiodoftime,allthemalesinapopulationsingthesamesong.Butastudy,publishedinthejournalCurrentBiology,showsthatthissongchangesovertimeandspreadsaroundtheoceans.Dr.EllenGarland,ofQueenslandUniversity,said:“Ourfindingsshowculturalexchangeonavastscale.Songsmovelikeculturalripplesfromonepopulationtoanother,causingallmalestochangetheirsongtoanewversion.”ResearchersrecordedsongsfromsixneighboringpopulationsofwhalesinthePacificoveradecade.Theyfoundthatnewversionsofthesongsappearovertimeandalwaysspreadfromwesttoeast.IttakesaroundtwoyearsforsongsthatappearinthewatersoffAustraliatobeheardinFrenchPolynesia.Dr.Garlandbelievesthatasmallnumberofwhalesmaymigratetootherpopulationscarryingthenewsongswiththem,orthattheyareheardbypassingwhales.Dr.Garlandsaid,“Wethinkthismalesearchforsongnoveltyisinthehopeofbeingthatlittlebitdifferentandperhapsmoreattractivetotheoppositesex.”4.Dr.Garlandwantstotellusmalewhalesadoptnewsongstomakethemselvesdistinct.
[判断题]WhenLadyGagareleasesanewsingle,itquicklygoesaroundtheworld.Nowscientistshavediscoveredthesamethinghappenswiththesongsofanotherunusualandinterestingcreature–thehumpbackwhale.Themammalsbecomeinterestedinnewtunesjustlikepeopledo,andthemostpopularoriginalwhalesongsspreadgloballylikehitsingles.Thediscoveryhasastonishedexpertswhosayitisthefirsttimesuchalarge,“population-wideculturalexchange”hasbeenseenintheanimalkingdom.Malehumpbackwhalesarewell-knownfortheloud,longandcomplexsongstheymakeduringthematingseason.Scientistsareunsurewhythemalessing.Somebelieveitisawayofadvertisingthemselvestofemales,othersholdthatitallowsmigratingwhalestostayincontact.Eachsonglastsfor10to20minutesandthemalescansingcontinuouslyfor24hours.Atanyperiodoftime,allthemalesinapopulationsingthesamesong.Butastudy,publishedinthejournalCurrentBiology,showsthatthissongchangesovertimeandspreadsaroundtheoceans.Dr.EllenGarland,ofQueenslandUniversity,said:“Ourfindingsshowculturalexchangeonavastscale.Songsmovelikeculturalripplesfromonepopulationtoanother,causingallmalestochangetheirsongtoanewversion.”ResearchersrecordedsongsfromsixneighboringpopulationsofwhalesinthePacificoveradecade.Theyfoundthatnewversionsofthesongsappearovertimeandalwaysspreadfromwesttoeast.IttakesaroundtwoyearsforsongsthatappearinthewatersoffAustraliatobeheardinFrenchPolynesia.Dr.Garlandbelievesthatasmallnumberofwhalesmaymigratetootherpopulationscarryingthenewsongswiththem,orthattheyareheardbypassingwhales.Dr.Garlandsaid,“Wethinkthismalesearchforsongnoveltyisinthehopeofbeingthatlittlebitdifferentandperhapsmoreattractivetotheoppositesex.”5.ItusuallytakestwoyearsforsongsthatappearinthewatersoffAustraliatobeheardinFrenchPolynesia.
