[单选题] Haveyoueverwonderedwhatourfutureislike?Practically,allpeople_41_adesiretopredicttheirfuture_42_.Mostpeopleseeminclinedto_43_thistaskusingcausalreasoning.Firstwe_44_recognizethatfuturecircumstancesare_45_causedorconditionedbypresentones.Welearnthatgettinganeducationwill_46_howmuchmoneyweearnlaterandthatswimmingbeyondthereefmaybringanunhappy_47_withashark. Second,peoplealsolearnthatsuch_48_ofcauseandeffectareprobabilistic(可能的)innature.Thatis,theeffectsoccurmoreoftenwhenthecausesoccurthanwhenthecausesare_49_,butnotalways.Thus,studentslearnthatstudyinghard_50_goodgradesinmostinstances,butnoteverytime.Sciencemakestheseconceptsofcausalityandprobabilitymore_51_andprovidestechniquesfordealing_52_thenmoreaccuratelythandoescausalhumaninquiry.Inlookingatordinaryhumaninquiry,weneedto_53_betweenpredictionandunderstanding.Often,evenifwedon'tunderstandwhy,wearewillingtoact_54_thebasisofademonstratedpredictiveability. Whatevertheprimitivedrives_55_motivatehumanbeings,satisfyingthemdependsheavilyontheabilityto_56_futurecircumstances.Theattempttopredictisoftenplayedina_57_ofknowledgeandunderstanding.Ifyoucanunderstandwhycertainregularpatterns_58_,youcanpredictbetterthanifyousimplyobservethosepatterns.Thus,humaninquiryaims_59_answeringboth"what"and"why"question,andwepursuethese_60_byobservingandfiguringout. 41.[A]exhibit[B]exaggerate[C]examine[D]exceed 42.[A]contexts[B]circumstances[C]inspections[D]intuitions 43.[A]underestimate[B]undermine[C]undertake[D]undergo 44.[A]specially[B]particularly[C]always[D]generally 45.[A]somehow[B]somebody[C]someone[D]something 46.[A]enact[B]affect[C]reflect[D]inflect 47.[A]meeting[B]occurrence[C]encounter[D]contact 48.[A]patterns[B]designs[C]arrangements[D]pictures 49.[A]disappointed[B]absent[C]inadequate[D]absolute 50.[A]creates[B]produces[C]loses[D]protects 51.[A]obscure[B]indistinct[C]explicit[D]explosive 52.[A]for[B]at[C]in[D]with 53.[A]distinguish[B]distinct[C]distort[D]distract 54.[A]at[B]on[C]to[D]under 55.[A]why[B]how[C]that[D]where 56.[A]predict[B]produce[C]pretend[D]precede 57.[A]content[B]contact[C]contest[D]context 58.[A]happen[B]occur[C]occupy[D]incur 59.[A]at[B]on[C]to[D]beyond 60.[A]purposes[B]ambitions[C]drives[D]goalsWhichoneisthebestanswerforQ53?
[单选题] Haveyoueverwonderedwhatourfutureislike?Practically,allpeople_41_adesiretopredicttheirfuture_42_.Mostpeopleseeminclinedto_43_thistaskusingcausalreasoning.Firstwe_44_recognizethatfuturecircumstancesare_45_causedorconditionedbypresentones.Welearnthatgettinganeducationwill_46_howmuchmoneyweearnlaterandthatswimmingbeyondthereefmaybringanunhappy_47_withashark. Second,peoplealsolearnthatsuch_48_ofcauseandeffectareprobabilistic(可能的)innature.Thatis,theeffectsoccurmoreoftenwhenthecausesoccurthanwhenthecausesare_49_,butnotalways.Thus,studentslearnthatstudyinghard_50_goodgradesinmostinstances,butnoteverytime.Sciencemakestheseconceptsofcausalityandprobabilitymore_51_andprovidestechniquesfordealing_52_thenmoreaccuratelythandoescausalhumaninquiry.Inlookingatordinaryhumaninquiry,weneedto_53_betweenpredictionandunderstanding.Often,evenifwedon'tunderstandwhy,wearewillingtoact_54_thebasisofademonstratedpredictiveability. Whatevertheprimitivedrives_55_motivatehumanbeings,satisfyingthemdependsheavilyontheabilityto_56_futurecircumstances.Theattempttopredictisoftenplayedina_57_ofknowledgeandunderstanding.Ifyoucanunderstandwhycertainregularpatterns_58_,youcanpredictbetterthanifyousimplyobservethosepatterns.Thus,humaninquiryaims_59_answeringboth"what"and"why"question,andwepursuethese_60_byobservingandfiguringout. 41.[A]exhibit[B]exaggerate[C]examine[D]exceed 42.[A]contexts[B]circumstances[C]inspections[D]intuitions 43.[A]underestimate[B]undermine[C]undertake[D]undergo 44.[A]specially[B]particularly[C]always[D]generally 45.[A]somehow[B]somebody[C]someone[D]something 46.[A]enact[B]affect[C]reflect[D]inflect 47.[A]meeting[B]occurrence[C]encounter[D]contact 48.[A]patterns[B]designs[C]arrangements[D]pictures 49.[A]disappointed[B]absent[C]inadequate[D]absolute 50.[A]creates[B]produces[C]loses[D]protects 51.[A]obscure[B]indistinct[C]explicit[D]explosive 52.[A]for[B]at[C]in[D]with 53.[A]distinguish[B]distinct[C]distort[D]distract 54.[A]at[B]on[C]to[D]under 55.[A]why[B]how[C]that[D]where 56.[A]predict[B]produce[C]pretend[D]precede 57.[A]content[B]contact[C]contest[D]context 58.[A]happen[B]occur[C]occupy[D]incur 59.[A]at[B]on[C]to[D]beyond 60.[A]purposes[B]ambitions[C]drives[D]goalsWhichoneisthebestanswerforQ54?
[单选题] Haveyoueverwonderedwhatourfutureislike?Practically,allpeople_41_adesiretopredicttheirfuture_42_.Mostpeopleseeminclinedto_43_thistaskusingcausalreasoning.Firstwe_44_recognizethatfuturecircumstancesare_45_causedorconditionedbypresentones.Welearnthatgettinganeducationwill_46_howmuchmoneyweearnlaterandthatswimmingbeyondthereefmaybringanunhappy_47_withashark. Second,peoplealsolearnthatsuch_48_ofcauseandeffectareprobabilistic(可能的)innature.Thatis,theeffectsoccurmoreoftenwhenthecausesoccurthanwhenthecausesare_49_,butnotalways.Thus,studentslearnthatstudyinghard_50_goodgradesinmostinstances,butnoteverytime.Sciencemakestheseconceptsofcausalityandprobabilitymore_51_andprovidestechniquesfordealing_52_thenmoreaccuratelythandoescausalhumaninquiry.Inlookingatordinaryhumaninquiry,weneedto_53_betweenpredictionandunderstanding.Often,evenifwedon'tunderstandwhy,wearewillingtoact_54_thebasisofademonstratedpredictiveability. Whatevertheprimitivedrives_55_motivatehumanbeings,satisfyingthemdependsheavilyontheabilityto_56_futurecircumstances.Theattempttopredictisoftenplayedina_57_ofknowledgeandunderstanding.Ifyoucanunderstandwhycertainregularpatterns_58_,youcanpredictbetterthanifyousimplyobservethosepatterns.Thus,humaninquiryaims_59_answeringboth"what"and"why"question,andwepursuethese_60_byobservingandfiguringout. 41.[A]exhibit[B]exaggerate[C]examine[D]exceed 42.[A]contexts[B]circumstances[C]inspections[D]intuitions 43.[A]underestimate[B]undermine[C]undertake[D]undergo 44.[A]specially[B]particularly[C]always[D]generally 45.[A]somehow[B]somebody[C]someone[D]something 46.[A]enact[B]affect[C]reflect[D]inflect 47.[A]meeting[B]occurrence[C]encounter[D]contact 48.[A]patterns[B]designs[C]arrangements[D]pictures 49.[A]disappointed[B]absent[C]inadequate[D]absolute 50.[A]creates[B]produces[C]loses[D]protects 51.[A]obscure[B]indistinct[C]explicit[D]explosive 52.[A]for[B]at[C]in[D]with 53.[A]distinguish[B]distinct[C]distort[D]distract 54.[A]at[B]on[C]to[D]under 55.[A]why[B]how[C]that[D]where 56.[A]predict[B]produce[C]pretend[D]precede 57.[A]content[B]contact[C]contest[D]context 58.[A]happen[B]occur[C]occupy[D]incur 59.[A]at[B]on[C]to[D]beyond 60.[A]purposes[B]ambitions[C]drives[D]goalsWhichoneisthebestanswerforQ55?
[单选题] Haveyoueverwonderedwhatourfutureislike?Practically,allpeople_41_adesiretopredicttheirfuture_42_.Mostpeopleseeminclinedto_43_thistaskusingcausalreasoning.Firstwe_44_recognizethatfuturecircumstancesare_45_causedorconditionedbypresentones.Welearnthatgettinganeducationwill_46_howmuchmoneyweearnlaterandthatswimmingbeyondthereefmaybringanunhappy_47_withashark. Second,peoplealsolearnthatsuch_48_ofcauseandeffectareprobabilistic(可能的)innature.Thatis,theeffectsoccurmoreoftenwhenthecausesoccurthanwhenthecausesare_49_,butnotalways.Thus,studentslearnthatstudyinghard_50_goodgradesinmostinstances,butnoteverytime.Sciencemakestheseconceptsofcausalityandprobabilitymore_51_andprovidestechniquesfordealing_52_thenmoreaccuratelythandoescausalhumaninquiry.Inlookingatordinaryhumaninquiry,weneedto_53_betweenpredictionandunderstanding.Often,evenifwedon'tunderstandwhy,wearewillingtoact_54_thebasisofademonstratedpredictiveability. Whatevertheprimitivedrives_55_motivatehumanbeings,satisfyingthemdependsheavilyontheabilityto_56_futurecircumstances.Theattempttopredictisoftenplayedina_57_ofknowledgeandunderstanding.Ifyoucanunderstandwhycertainregularpatterns_58_,youcanpredictbetterthanifyousimplyobservethosepatterns.Thus,humaninquiryaims_59_answeringboth"what"and"why"question,andwepursuethese_60_byobservingandfiguringout. 41.[A]exhibit[B]exaggerate[C]examine[D]exceed 42.[A]contexts[B]circumstances[C]inspections[D]intuitions 43.[A]underestimate[B]undermine[C]undertake[D]undergo 44.[A]specially[B]particularly[C]always[D]generally 45.[A]somehow[B]somebody[C]someone[D]something 46.[A]enact[B]affect[C]reflect[D]inflect 47.[A]meeting[B]occurrence[C]encounter[D]contact 48.[A]patterns[B]designs[C]arrangements[D]pictures 49.[A]disappointed[B]absent[C]inadequate[D]absolute 50.[A]creates[B]produces[C]loses[D]protects 51.[A]obscure[B]indistinct[C]explicit[D]explosive 52.[A]for[B]at[C]in[D]with 53.[A]distinguish[B]distinct[C]distort[D]distract 54.[A]at[B]on[C]to[D]under 55.[A]why[B]how[C]that[D]where 56.[A]predict[B]produce[C]pretend[D]precede 57.[A]content[B]contact[C]contest[D]context 58.[A]happen[B]occur[C]occupy[D]incur 59.[A]at[B]on[C]to[D]beyond 60.[A]purposes[B]ambitions[C]drives[D]goalsWhichoneisthebestanswerforQ56?
[单选题] Haveyoueverwonderedwhatourfutureislike?Practically,allpeople_41_adesiretopredicttheirfuture_42_.Mostpeopleseeminclinedto_43_thistaskusingcausalreasoning.Firstwe_44_recognizethatfuturecircumstancesare_45_causedorconditionedbypresentones.Welearnthatgettinganeducationwill_46_howmuchmoneyweearnlaterandthatswimmingbeyondthereefmaybringanunhappy_47_withashark. Second,peoplealsolearnthatsuch_48_ofcauseandeffectareprobabilistic(可能的)innature.Thatis,theeffectsoccurmoreoftenwhenthecausesoccurthanwhenthecausesare_49_,butnotalways.Thus,studentslearnthatstudyinghard_50_goodgradesinmostinstances,butnoteverytime.Sciencemakestheseconceptsofcausalityandprobabilitymore_51_andprovidestechniquesfordealing_52_thenmoreaccuratelythandoescausalhumaninquiry.Inlookingatordinaryhumaninquiry,weneedto_53_betweenpredictionandunderstanding.Often,evenifwedon'tunderstandwhy,wearewillingtoact_54_thebasisofademonstratedpredictiveability. Whatevertheprimitivedrives_55_motivatehumanbeings,satisfyingthemdependsheavilyontheabilityto_56_futurecircumstances.Theattempttopredictisoftenplayedina_57_ofknowledgeandunderstanding.Ifyoucanunderstandwhycertainregularpatterns_58_,youcanpredictbetterthanifyousimplyobservethosepatterns.Thus,humaninquiryaims_59_answeringboth"what"and"why"question,andwepursuethese_60_byobservingandfiguringout. 41.[A]exhibit[B]exaggerate[C]examine[D]exceed 42.[A]contexts[B]circumstances[C]inspections[D]intuitions 43.[A]underestimate[B]undermine[C]undertake[D]undergo 44.[A]specially[B]particularly[C]always[D]generally 45.[A]somehow[B]somebody[C]someone[D]something 46.[A]enact[B]affect[C]reflect[D]inflect 47.[A]meeting[B]occurrence[C]encounter[D]contact 48.[A]patterns[B]designs[C]arrangements[D]pictures 49.[A]disappointed[B]absent[C]inadequate[D]absolute 50.[A]creates[B]produces[C]loses[D]protects 51.[A]obscure[B]indistinct[C]explicit[D]explosive 52.[A]for[B]at[C]in[D]with 53.[A]distinguish[B]distinct[C]distort[D]distract 54.[A]at[B]on[C]to[D]under 55.[A]why[B]how[C]that[D]where 56.[A]predict[B]produce[C]pretend[D]precede 57.[A]content[B]contact[C]contest[D]context 58.[A]happen[B]occur[C]occupy[D]incur 59.[A]at[B]on[C]to[D]beyond 60.[A]purposes[B]ambitions[C]drives[D]goalsWhichoneisthebestanswerforQ57?
[单选题] Haveyoueverwonderedwhatourfutureislike?Practically,allpeople_41_adesiretopredicttheirfuture_42_.Mostpeopleseeminclinedto_43_thistaskusingcausalreasoning.Firstwe_44_recognizethatfuturecircumstancesare_45_causedorconditionedbypresentones.Welearnthatgettinganeducationwill_46_howmuchmoneyweearnlaterandthatswimmingbeyondthereefmaybringanunhappy_47_withashark. Second,peoplealsolearnthatsuch_48_ofcauseandeffectareprobabilistic(可能的)innature.Thatis,theeffectsoccurmoreoftenwhenthecausesoccurthanwhenthecausesare_49_,butnotalways.Thus,studentslearnthatstudyinghard_50_goodgradesinmostinstances,butnoteverytime.Sciencemakestheseconceptsofcausalityandprobabilitymore_51_andprovidestechniquesfordealing_52_thenmoreaccuratelythandoescausalhumaninquiry.Inlookingatordinaryhumaninquiry,weneedto_53_betweenpredictionandunderstanding.Often,evenifwedon'tunderstandwhy,wearewillingtoact_54_thebasisofademonstratedpredictiveability. Whatevertheprimitivedrives_55_motivatehumanbeings,satisfyingthemdependsheavilyontheabilityto_56_futurecircumstances.Theattempttopredictisoftenplayedina_57_ofknowledgeandunderstanding.Ifyoucanunderstandwhycertainregularpatterns_58_,youcanpredictbetterthanifyousimplyobservethosepatterns.Thus,humaninquiryaims_59_answeringboth"what"and"why"question,andwepursuethese_60_byobservingandfiguringout. 41.[A]exhibit[B]exaggerate[C]examine[D]exceed 42.[A]contexts[B]circumstances[C]inspections[D]intuitions 43.[A]underestimate[B]undermine[C]undertake[D]undergo 44.[A]specially[B]particularly[C]always[D]generally 45.[A]somehow[B]somebody[C]someone[D]something 46.[A]enact[B]affect[C]reflect[D]inflect 47.[A]meeting[B]occurrence[C]encounter[D]contact 48.[A]patterns[B]designs[C]arrangements[D]pictures 49.[A]disappointed[B]absent[C]inadequate[D]absolute 50.[A]creates[B]produces[C]loses[D]protects 51.[A]obscure[B]indistinct[C]explicit[D]explosive 52.[A]for[B]at[C]in[D]with 53.[A]distinguish[B]distinct[C]distort[D]distract 54.[A]at[B]on[C]to[D]under 55.[A]why[B]how[C]that[D]where 56.[A]predict[B]produce[C]pretend[D]precede 57.[A]content[B]contact[C]contest[D]context 58.[A]happen[B]occur[C]occupy[D]incur 59.[A]at[B]on[C]to[D]beyond 60.[A]purposes[B]ambitions[C]drives[D]goalsWhichoneisthebestanswerforQ58?
[单选题] Haveyoueverwonderedwhatourfutureislike?Practically,allpeople_41_adesiretopredicttheirfuture_42_.Mostpeopleseeminclinedto_43_thistaskusingcausalreasoning.Firstwe_44_recognizethatfuturecircumstancesare_45_causedorconditionedbypresentones.Welearnthatgettinganeducationwill_46_howmuchmoneyweearnlaterandthatswimmingbeyondthereefmaybringanunhappy_47_withashark. Second,peoplealsolearnthatsuch_48_ofcauseandeffectareprobabilistic(可能的)innature.Thatis,theeffectsoccurmoreoftenwhenthecausesoccurthanwhenthecausesare_49_,butnotalways.Thus,studentslearnthatstudyinghard_50_goodgradesinmostinstances,butnoteverytime.Sciencemakestheseconceptsofcausalityandprobabilitymore_51_andprovidestechniquesfordealing_52_thenmoreaccuratelythandoescausalhumaninquiry.Inlookingatordinaryhumaninquiry,weneedto_53_betweenpredictionandunderstanding.Often,evenifwedon'tunderstandwhy,wearewillingtoact_54_thebasisofademonstratedpredictiveability. Whatevertheprimitivedrives_55_motivatehumanbeings,satisfyingthemdependsheavilyontheabilityto_56_futurecircumstances.Theattempttopredictisoftenplayedina_57_ofknowledgeandunderstanding.Ifyoucanunderstandwhycertainregularpatterns_58_,youcanpredictbetterthanifyousimplyobservethosepatterns.Thus,humaninquiryaims_59_answeringboth"what"and"why"question,andwepursuethese_60_byobservingandfiguringout. 41.[A]exhibit[B]exaggerate[C]examine[D]exceed 42.[A]contexts[B]circumstances[C]inspections[D]intuitions 43.[A]underestimate[B]undermine[C]undertake[D]undergo 44.[A]specially[B]particularly[C]always[D]generally 45.[A]somehow[B]somebody[C]someone[D]something 46.[A]enact[B]affect[C]reflect[D]inflect 47.[A]meeting[B]occurrence[C]encounter[D]contact 48.[A]patterns[B]designs[C]arrangements[D]pictures 49.[A]disappointed[B]absent[C]inadequate[D]absolute 50.[A]creates[B]produces[C]loses[D]protects 51.[A]obscure[B]indistinct[C]explicit[D]explosive 52.[A]for[B]at[C]in[D]with 53.[A]distinguish[B]distinct[C]distort[D]distract 54.[A]at[B]on[C]to[D]under 55.[A]why[B]how[C]that[D]where 56.[A]predict[B]produce[C]pretend[D]precede 57.[A]content[B]contact[C]contest[D]context 58.[A]happen[B]occur[C]occupy[D]incur 59.[A]at[B]on[C]to[D]beyond 60.[A]purposes[B]ambitions[C]drives[D]goalsWhichoneisthebestanswerforQ59?
[单选题] Haveyoueverwonderedwhatourfutureislike?Practically,allpeople_41_adesiretopredicttheirfuture_42_.Mostpeopleseeminclinedto_43_thistaskusingcausalreasoning.Firstwe_44_recognizethatfuturecircumstancesare_45_causedorconditionedbypresentones.Welearnthatgettinganeducationwill_46_howmuchmoneyweearnlaterandthatswimmingbeyondthereefmaybringanunhappy_47_withashark. Second,peoplealsolearnthatsuch_48_ofcauseandeffectareprobabilistic(可能的)innature.Thatis,theeffectsoccurmoreoftenwhenthecausesoccurthanwhenthecausesare_49_,butnotalways.Thus,studentslearnthatstudyinghard_50_goodgradesinmostinstances,butnoteverytime.Sciencemakestheseconceptsofcausalityandprobabilitymore_51_andprovidestechniquesfordealing_52_thenmoreaccuratelythandoescausalhumaninquiry.Inlookingatordinaryhumaninquiry,weneedto_53_betweenpredictionandunderstanding.Often,evenifwedon'tunderstandwhy,wearewillingtoact_54_thebasisofademonstratedpredictiveability. Whatevertheprimitivedrives_55_motivatehumanbeings,satisfyingthemdependsheavilyontheabilityto_56_futurecircumstances.Theattempttopredictisoftenplayedina_57_ofknowledgeandunderstanding.Ifyoucanunderstandwhycertainregularpatterns_58_,youcanpredictbetterthanifyousimplyobservethosepatterns.Thus,humaninquiryaims_59_answeringboth"what"and"why"question,andwepursuethese_60_byobservingandfiguringout. 41.[A]exhibit[B]exaggerate[C]examine[D]exceed 42.[A]contexts[B]circumstances[C]inspections[D]intuitions 43.[A]underestimate[B]undermine[C]undertake[D]undergo 44.[A]specially[B]particularly[C]always[D]generally 45.[A]somehow[B]somebody[C]someone[D]something 46.[A]enact[B]affect[C]reflect[D]inflect 47.[A]meeting[B]occurrence[C]encounter[D]contact 48.[A]patterns[B]designs[C]arrangements[D]pictures 49.[A]disappointed[B]absent[C]inadequate[D]absolute 50.[A]creates[B]produces[C]loses[D]protects 51.[A]obscure[B]indistinct[C]explicit[D]explosive 52.[A]for[B]at[C]in[D]with 53.[A]distinguish[B]distinct[C]distort[D]distract 54.[A]at[B]on[C]to[D]under 55.[A]why[B]how[C]that[D]where 56.[A]predict[B]produce[C]pretend[D]precede 57.[A]content[B]contact[C]contest[D]context 58.[A]happen[B]occur[C]occupy[D]incur 59.[A]at[B]on[C]to[D]beyond 60.[A]purposes[B]ambitions[C]drives[D]goalsWhichoneisthebestanswerforQ60?
[判断题]PartⅡDothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthereadingpassage?(每题2分，共计14分)Inboxes16-22onyourAnswerSheet,writeTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthisinthepassageText4:AirTrafficControlintheUSAAnaccidentthatoccurredintheskiesovertheGrandCanyonin1956resultedintheestablishmentoftheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)toregulateandoverseetheoperationofaircraftintheskiesovertheUnitedStates,whichwerebecomingquitecongested.TheresultingstructureofairtrafficcontrolhasgreatlyincreasedthesafetyofflightintheUnitedStates,andsimilarairtrafficcontrolproceduresarealsoinplaceovermuchoftherestoftheworld.Rudimentaryairtrafficcontrol(ATC)existedwellbeforetheGrandCanyondisaster.Asearlyasthe1920s,theearliestairtrafficcontrollersmanuallyguidedaircraftinthevicinityoftheairports,usinglightsandflags,whilebeaconsandflashinglightswereplacedalongcross-countryroutestoestablishtheearliestairways.However,thispurelyvisualsystemwasuselessinbadweather,and,bythe1930s,radiocommunicationwascomingintouseforATC.Thefirstregiontohavesomethingapproximatingtoday'sATCwasNewYorkCity,withothermajormetropolitanareasfollowingsoonafter.Inthe1940s,ATCcentrescouldanddidtakeadvantageofthenewlydevelopedradarandimprovedradiocommunicationbroughtaboutbytheSecondWorldWar,butthesystemremainedrudimentary.ItwasonlyafterthecreationoftheFAAthatfull-scaleregulationofAmerica'sairspacetookplace,andthiswasfortuitous,fortheadventofthejetenginesuddenlyresultedinalargenumberofveryfastplanes,reducingpilots'marginoferrorandpracticallydemandingsomesetofrulestokeepeveryonewellseparatedandoperatingsafelyintheair.ManypeoplethinkthatATCconsistsofarowofcontrollerssittinginfrontoftheirradarscreensatthenation'sairports,tellingarrivinganddepartingtrafficwhattodo.Thisisaveryincompletepartofthepicture.TheFAArealisedthattheairspaceovertheUnitedStateswouldatanytimehavemanydifferentkindsofplanes,flyingformanydifferentpurposes,inavarietyofweatherconditions,andthesamekindofstructurewasneededtoaccommodateallofthem.Tomeetthischallenge,thefollowingelementswereputintoeffect.First,ATCextendsovervirtuallytheentireUnitedStates.Ingeneral,from365mabovethegroundandhigher,theentirecountryisblanketedbycontrolledairspace.Incertainareas,mainlynearairports,controlledairspaceextendsdownto215mabovetheground,and,intheimmediatevicinityofanairport,allthewaydowntothesurface.ControlledairspaceisthatairspaceinwhichFAAregulationsapply.Elsewhere,inuncontrolledairspace,pilotsareboundbyfewerregulations.Inthisway,therecreationalpilotwhosimplywishestogoflyingforawhilewithoutalltherestrictionsimposedbytheFAAhasonlytostayinuncontrolledairspace,below365m,whilethepilotwhodoeswanttheprotectionaffordedbyATCcaneasilyenterthecontrolledairspace.TheFAAthenrecognisedtwotypesofoperatingenvironments.Ingoodmeteorologicalconditions,flyingwouldbepermittedunderVisualFlightRules(VFR,视觉飞行规则),whichsuggestsastrongrelianceonvisualcuestomaintainanacceptablelevelofsafety.PoorvisibilitynecessitatedasetofInstrumentalFlightRules(IFR,仪表飞行规则),underwhichthepilotreliedonaltitudeandnavigationalinformationprovidedbytheplane'sinstrumentpaneltoflysafely.Onaclearday,apilotincontrolledairspacecanchooseaVFRorIFRflightplan,andtheFAAregulationsweredevisedinawaywhichaccommodatesbothVFRandIFRoperationsinthesameairspace.However,apilotcanonlychoosetoflyIFRiftheypossessaninstrumentratingwhichisaboveandbeyondthebasicpilot'slicensethatmustalsobeheld.onaltitudeandnavigationalinformationprovidedbytheplane'sinstrumentpaneltoflysafely.Onaclearday,apilotincontrolledairspacecanchooseaVFRorIFRflightplan,andtheFAAregulationsweredevisedinawaywhichaccommodatesbothVFRandIFRoperationsinthesameairspace.However,apilotcanonlychoosetoflyIFRiftheypossessaninstrumentratingwhichisaboveandbeyondthebasicpilot'slicensethatmustalsobeheld.Controlledairspaceisdividedintoseveraldifferenttypes,designatedbylettersofthealphabet.UncontrolledairspaceisdesignatedClassF,whilecontrolledairspacebelow5,490mabovesealevelandnotinthevicinityofanairportisClassE.Allairspaceabove5,490misdesignatedClassA.ThereasonforthedivisionofClassEandClassAairspacestemsfromthetypeofplanesoperatinginthem.Generally,ClassEairspaceiswhereonefindsgeneralaviationaircraft(fewofwhichcanclimbabove5,490manyway),andcommercialturbopropaircraft.Above5,490mistherealmoftheheavyjets,sincejetenginesoperatemoreefficientlyathigheraltitudes.ThedifferencebetweenClassEandAairspaceisthatinClassA,alloperationsareIFR,andpilotsmustbeinstrument-rated,thatis,skilledandlicensedinaircraftinstrumentation.ThisisbecauseATCcontroloftheentirespaceisessential.Threeothertypesofairspace,ClassesD,CandB,governthevicinityofairports.Thesecorrespondroughlytosmallmunicipal,medium-sizedmetropolitanandmajormetropolitanairportsrespectively,andencompassanincreasinglyrigoroussetofregulations.Forexample,allaVFRpilothastodotoenterClassCairspaceisestablishtwo-wayradiocontactwithATC.NoexplicitpermissionfromATCtoenterisneeded,althoughthepilotmustcontinuetoobeyallregulationsgoverningVFRflight.ToenterClassBairspace,suchasonapproachtoamajormetropolitanairport,anexplicitATCclearance(飞机起降的许可)isrequired.Theprivatepilotwhocruiseswithoutpermissionintothisairspaceriskslosingtheirlicense.16.TheFAAwascreatedasaresultoftheintroductionofthejetengine.
[判断题]AnaccidentthatoccurredintheskiesovertheGrandCanyonin1956resultedintheestablishmentoftheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)toregulateandoverseetheoperationofaircraftintheskiesovertheUnitedStates,whichwerebecomingquitecongested.TheresultingstructureofairtrafficcontrolhasgreatlyincreasedthesafetyofflightintheUnitedStates,andsimilarairtrafficcontrolproceduresarealsoinplaceovermuchoftherestoftheworld.Rudimentaryairtrafficcontrol(ATC)existedwellbeforetheGrandCanyondisaster.Asearlyasthe1920s,theearliestairtrafficcontrollersmanuallyguidedaircraftinthevicinityoftheairports,usinglightsandflags,whilebeaconsandflashinglightswereplacedalongcross-countryroutestoestablishtheearliestairways.However,thispurelyvisualsystemwasuselessinbadweather,and,bythe1930s,radiocommunicationwascomingintouseforATC.Thefirstregiontohavesomethingapproximatingtoday'sATCwasNewYorkCity,withothermajormetropolitanareasfollowingsoonafter.Inthe1940s,ATCcentrescouldanddidtakeadvantageofthenewlydevelopedradarandimprovedradiocommunicationbroughtaboutbytheSecondWorldWar,butthesystemremainedrudimentary.ItwasonlyafterthecreationoftheFAAthatfull-scaleregulationofAmerica'sairspacetookplace,andthiswasfortuitous,fortheadventofthejetenginesuddenlyresultedinalargenumberofveryfastplanes,reducingpilots'marginoferrorandpracticallydemandingsomesetofrulestokeepeveryonewellseparatedandoperatingsafelyintheair.ManypeoplethinkthatATCconsistsofarowofcontrollerssittinginfrontoftheirradarscreensatthenation'sairports,tellingarrivinganddepartingtrafficwhattodo.Thisisaveryincompletepartofthepicture.TheFAArealisedthattheairspaceovertheUnitedStateswouldatanytimehavemanydifferentkindsofplanes,flyingformanydifferentpurposes,inavarietyofweatherconditions,andthesamekindofstructurewasneededtoaccommodateallofthem.Tomeetthischallenge,thefollowingelementswereputintoeffect.First,ATCextendsovervirtuallytheentireUnitedStates.Ingeneral,from365mabovethegroundandhigher,theentirecountryisblanketedbycontrolledairspace.Incertainareas,mainlynearairports,controlledairspaceextendsdownto215mabovetheground,and,intheimmediatevicinityofanairport,allthewaydowntothesurface.ControlledairspaceisthatairspaceinwhichFAAregulationsapply.Elsewhere,inuncontrolledairspace,pilotsareboundbyfewerregulations.Inthisway,therecreationalpilotwhosimplywishestogoflyingforawhilewithoutalltherestrictionsimposedbytheFAAhasonlytostayinuncontrolledairspace,below365m,whilethepilotwhodoeswanttheprotectionaffordedbyATCcaneasilyenterthecontrolledairspace.TheFAAthenrecognisedtwotypesofoperatingenvironments.Ingoodmeteorologicalconditions,flyingwouldbepermittedunderVisualFlightRules(VFR,视觉飞行规则),whichsuggestsastrongrelianceonvisualcuestomaintainanacceptablelevelofsafety.PoorvisibilitynecessitatedasetofInstrumentalFlightRules(IFR,仪表飞行规则),underwhichthepilotreliedonaltitudeandnavigationalinformationprovidedbytheplane'sinstrumentpaneltoflysafely.Onaclearday,apilotincontrolledairspacecanchooseaVFRorIFRflightplan,andtheFAAregulationsweredevisedinawaywhichaccommodatesbothVFRandIFRoperationsinthesameairspace.However,apilotcanonlychoosetoflyIFRiftheypossessaninstrumentratingwhichisaboveandbeyondthebasicpilot'slicensethatmustalsobeheld.onaltitudeandnavigationalinformationprovidedbytheplane'sinstrumentpaneltoflysafely.Onaclearday,apilotincontrolledairspacecanchooseaVFRorIFRflightplan,andtheFAAregulationsweredevisedinawaywhichaccommodatesbothVFRandIFRoperationsinthesameairspace.However,apilotcanonlychoosetoflyIFRiftheypossessaninstrumentratingwhichisaboveandbeyondthebasicpilot'slicensethatmustalsobeheld.Controlledairspaceisdividedintoseveraldifferenttypes,designatedbylettersofthealphabet.UncontrolledairspaceisdesignatedClassF,whilecontrolledairspacebelow5,490mabovesealevelandnotinthevicinityofanairportisClassE.Allairspaceabove5,490misdesignatedClassA.ThereasonforthedivisionofClassEandClassAairspacestemsfromthetypeofplanesoperatinginthem.Generally,ClassEairspaceiswhereonefindsgeneralaviationaircraft(fewofwhichcanclimbabove5,490manyway),andcommercialturbopropaircraft.Above5,490mistherealmoftheheavyjets,sincejetenginesoperatemoreefficientlyathigheraltitudes.ThedifferencebetweenClassEandAairspaceisthatinClassA,alloperationsareIFR,andpilotsmustbeinstrument-rated,thatis,skilledandlicensedinaircraftinstrumentation.ThisisbecauseATCcontroloftheentirespaceisessential.Threeothertypesofairspace,ClassesD,CandB,governthevicinityofairports.Thesecorrespondroughlytosmallmunicipal,medium-sizedmetropolitanandmajormetropolitanairportsrespectively,andencompassanincreasinglyrigoroussetofregulations.Forexample,allaVFRpilothastodotoenterClassCairspaceisestablishtwo-wayradiocontactwithATC.NoexplicitpermissionfromATCtoenterisneeded,althoughthepilotmustcontinuetoobeyallregulationsgoverningVFRflight.ToenterClassBairspace,suchasonapproachtoamajormetropolitanairport,anexplicitATCclearance(飞机起降的许可)isrequired.Theprivatepilotwhocruiseswithoutpermissionintothisairspaceriskslosingtheirlicense.17.AirTrafficControlstartedaftertheGrandCanyoncrashin1956.
[判断题]AnaccidentthatoccurredintheskiesovertheGrandCanyonin1956resultedintheestablishmentoftheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)toregulateandoverseetheoperationofaircraftintheskiesovertheUnitedStates,whichwerebecomingquitecongested.TheresultingstructureofairtrafficcontrolhasgreatlyincreasedthesafetyofflightintheUnitedStates,andsimilarairtrafficcontrolproceduresarealsoinplaceovermuchoftherestoftheworld.Rudimentaryairtrafficcontrol(ATC)existedwellbeforetheGrandCanyondisaster.Asearlyasthe1920s,theearliestairtrafficcontrollersmanuallyguidedaircraftinthevicinityoftheairports,usinglightsandflags,whilebeaconsandflashinglightswereplacedalongcross-countryroutestoestablishtheearliestairways.However,thispurelyvisualsystemwasuselessinbadweather,and,bythe1930s,radiocommunicationwascomingintouseforATC.Thefirstregiontohavesomethingapproximatingtoday'sATCwasNewYorkCity,withothermajormetropolitanareasfollowingsoonafter.Inthe1940s,ATCcentrescouldanddidtakeadvantageofthenewlydevelopedradarandimprovedradiocommunicationbroughtaboutbytheSecondWorldWar,butthesystemremainedrudimentary.ItwasonlyafterthecreationoftheFAAthatfull-scaleregulationofAmerica'sairspacetookplace,andthiswasfortuitous,fortheadventofthejetenginesuddenlyresultedinalargenumberofveryfastplanes,reducingpilots'marginoferrorandpracticallydemandingsomesetofrulestokeepeveryonewellseparatedandoperatingsafelyintheair.ManypeoplethinkthatATCconsistsofarowofcontrollerssittinginfrontoftheirradarscreensatthenation'sairports,tellingarrivinganddepartingtrafficwhattodo.Thisisaveryincompletepartofthepicture.TheFAArealisedthattheairspaceovertheUnitedStateswouldatanytimehavemanydifferentkindsofplanes,flyingformanydifferentpurposes,inavarietyofweatherconditions,andthesamekindofstructurewasneededtoaccommodateallofthem.Tomeetthischallenge,thefollowingelementswereputintoeffect.First,ATCextendsovervirtuallytheentireUnitedStates.Ingeneral,from365mabovethegroundandhigher,theentirecountryisblanketedbycontrolledairspace.Incertainareas,mainlynearairports,controlledairspaceextendsdownto215mabovetheground,and,intheimmediatevicinityofanairport,allthewaydowntothesurface.ControlledairspaceisthatairspaceinwhichFAAregulationsapply.Elsewhere,inuncontrolledairspace,pilotsareboundbyfewerregulations.Inthisway,therecreationalpilotwhosimplywishestogoflyingforawhilewithoutalltherestrictionsimposedbytheFAAhasonlytostayinuncontrolledairspace,below365m,whilethepilotwhodoeswanttheprotectionaffordedbyATCcaneasilyenterthecontrolledairspace.TheFAAthenrecognisedtwotypesofoperatingenvironments.Ingoodmeteorologicalconditions,flyingwouldbepermittedunderVisualFlightRules(VFR,视觉飞行规则),whichsuggestsastrongrelianceonvisualcuestomaintainanacceptablelevelofsafety.PoorvisibilitynecessitatedasetofInstrumentalFlightRules(IFR,仪表飞行规则),underwhichthepilotreliedonaltitudeandnavigationalinformationprovidedbytheplane'sinstrumentpaneltoflysafely.Onaclearday,apilotincontrolledairspacecanchooseaVFRorIFRflightplan,andtheFAAregulationsweredevisedinawaywhichaccommodatesbothVFRandIFRoperationsinthesameairspace.However,apilotcanonlychoosetoflyIFRiftheypossessaninstrumentratingwhichisaboveandbeyondthebasicpilot'slicensethatmustalsobeheld.onaltitudeandnavigationalinformationprovidedbytheplane'sinstrumentpaneltoflysafely.Onaclearday,apilotincontrolledairspacecanchooseaVFRorIFRflightplan,andtheFAAregulationsweredevisedinawaywhichaccommodatesbothVFRandIFRoperationsinthesameairspace.However,apilotcanonlychoosetoflyIFRiftheypossessaninstrumentratingwhichisaboveandbeyondthebasicpilot'slicensethatmustalsobeheld.Controlledairspaceisdividedintoseveraldifferenttypes,designatedbylettersofthealphabet.UncontrolledairspaceisdesignatedClassF,whilecontrolledairspacebelow5,490mabovesealevelandnotinthevicinityofanairportisClassE.Allairspaceabove5,490misdesignatedClassA.ThereasonforthedivisionofClassEandClassAairspacestemsfromthetypeofplanesoperatinginthem.Generally,ClassEairspaceiswhereonefindsgeneralaviationaircraft(fewofwhichcanclimbabove5,490manyway),andcommercialturbopropaircraft.Above5,490mistherealmoftheheavyjets,sincejetenginesoperatemoreefficientlyathigheraltitudes.ThedifferencebetweenClassEandAairspaceisthatinClassA,alloperationsareIFR,andpilotsmustbeinstrument-rated,thatis,skilledandlicensedinaircraftinstrumentation.ThisisbecauseATCcontroloftheentirespaceisessential.Threeothertypesofairspace,ClassesD,CandB,governthevicinityofairports.Thesecorrespondroughlytosmallmunicipal,medium-sizedmetropolitanandmajormetropolitanairportsrespectively,andencompassanincreasinglyrigoroussetofregulations.Forexample,allaVFRpilothastodotoenterClassCairspaceisestablishtwo-wayradiocontactwithATC.NoexplicitpermissionfromATCtoenterisneeded,althoughthepilotmustcontinuetoobeyallregulationsgoverningVFRflight.ToenterClassBairspace,suchasonapproachtoamajormetropolitanairport,anexplicitATCclearance(飞机起降的许可)isrequired.Theprivatepilotwhocruiseswithoutpermissionintothisairspaceriskslosingtheirlicense.18.BeaconsandflashinglightsarestillusedbyATCtoday.
[判断题]AnaccidentthatoccurredintheskiesovertheGrandCanyonin1956resultedintheestablishmentoftheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)toregulateandoverseetheoperationofaircraftintheskiesovertheUnitedStates,whichwerebecomingquitecongested.TheresultingstructureofairtrafficcontrolhasgreatlyincreasedthesafetyofflightintheUnitedStates,andsimilarairtrafficcontrolproceduresarealsoinplaceovermuchoftherestoftheworld.Rudimentaryairtrafficcontrol(ATC)existedwellbeforetheGrandCanyondisaster.Asearlyasthe1920s,theearliestairtrafficcontrollersmanuallyguidedaircraftinthevicinityoftheairports,usinglightsandflags,whilebeaconsandflashinglightswereplacedalongcross-countryroutestoestablishtheearliestairways.However,thispurelyvisualsystemwasuselessinbadweather,and,bythe1930s,radiocommunicationwascomingintouseforATC.Thefirstregiontohavesomethingapproximatingtoday'sATCwasNewYorkCity,withothermajormetropolitanareasfollowingsoonafter.Inthe1940s,ATCcentrescouldanddidtakeadvantageofthenewlydevelopedradarandimprovedradiocommunicationbroughtaboutbytheSecondWorldWar,butthesystemremainedrudimentary.ItwasonlyafterthecreationoftheFAAthatfull-scaleregulationofAmerica'sairspacetookplace,andthiswasfortuitous,fortheadventofthejetenginesuddenlyresultedinalargenumberofveryfastplanes,reducingpilots'marginoferrorandpracticallydemandingsomesetofrulestokeepeveryonewellseparatedandoperatingsafelyintheair.ManypeoplethinkthatATCconsistsofarowofcontrollerssittinginfrontoftheirradarscreensatthenation'sairports,tellingarrivinganddepartingtrafficwhattodo.Thisisaveryincompletepartofthepicture.TheFAArealisedthattheairspaceovertheUnitedStateswouldatanytimehavemanydifferentkindsofplanes,flyingformanydifferentpurposes,inavarietyofweatherconditions,andthesamekindofstructurewasneededtoaccommodateallofthem.Tomeetthischallenge,thefollowingelementswereputintoeffect.First,ATCextendsovervirtuallytheentireUnitedStates.Ingeneral,from365mabovethegroundandhigher,theentirecountryisblanketedbycontrolledairspace.Incertainareas,mainlynearairports,controlledairspaceextendsdownto215mabovetheground,and,intheimmediatevicinityofanairport,allthewaydowntothesurface.ControlledairspaceisthatairspaceinwhichFAAregulationsapply.Elsewhere,inuncontrolledairspace,pilotsareboundbyfewerregulations.Inthisway,therecreationalpilotwhosimplywishestogoflyingforawhilewithoutalltherestrictionsimposedbytheFAAhasonlytostayinuncontrolledairspace,below365m,whilethepilotwhodoeswanttheprotectionaffordedbyATCcaneasilyenterthecontrolledairspace.TheFAAthenrecognisedtwotypesofoperatingenvironments.Ingoodmeteorologicalconditions,flyingwouldbepermittedunderVisualFlightRules(VFR,视觉飞行规则),whichsuggestsastrongrelianceonvisualcuestomaintainanacceptablelevelofsafety.PoorvisibilitynecessitatedasetofInstrumentalFlightRules(IFR,仪表飞行规则),underwhichthepilotreliedonaltitudeandnavigationalinformationprovidedbytheplane'sinstrumentpaneltoflysafely.Onaclearday,apilotincontrolledairspacecanchooseaVFRorIFRflightplan,andtheFAAregulationsweredevisedinawaywhichaccommodatesbothVFRandIFRoperationsinthesameairspace.However,apilotcanonlychoosetoflyIFRiftheypossessaninstrumentratingwhichisaboveandbeyondthebasicpilot'slicensethatmustalsobeheld.onaltitudeandnavigationalinformationprovidedbytheplane'sinstrumentpaneltoflysafely.Onaclearday,apilotincontrolledairspacecanchooseaVFRorIFRflightplan,andtheFAAregulationsweredevisedinawaywhichaccommodatesbothVFRandIFRoperationsinthesameairspace.However,apilotcanonlychoosetoflyIFRiftheypossessaninstrumentratingwhichisaboveandbeyondthebasicpilot'slicensethatmustalsobeheld.Controlledairspaceisdividedintoseveraldifferenttypes,designatedbylettersofthealphabet.UncontrolledairspaceisdesignatedClassF,whilecontrolledairspacebelow5,490mabovesealevelandnotinthevicinityofanairportisClassE.Allairspaceabove5,490misdesignatedClassA.ThereasonforthedivisionofClassEandClassAairspacestemsfromthetypeofplanesoperatinginthem.Generally,ClassEairspaceiswhereonefindsgeneralaviationaircraft(fewofwhichcanclimbabove5,490manyway),andcommercialturbopropaircraft.Above5,490mistherealmoftheheavyjets,sincejetenginesoperatemoreefficientlyathigheraltitudes.ThedifferencebetweenClassEandAairspaceisthatinClassA,alloperationsareIFR,andpilotsmustbeinstrument-rated,thatis,skilledandlicensedinaircraftinstrumentation.ThisisbecauseATCcontroloftheentirespaceisessential.Threeothertypesofairspace,ClassesD,CandB,governthevicinityofairports.Thesecorrespondroughlytosmallmunicipal,medium-sizedmetropolitanandmajormetropolitanairportsrespectively,andencompassanincreasinglyrigoroussetofregulations.Forexample,allaVFRpilothastodotoenterClassCairspaceisestablishtwo-wayradiocontactwithATC.NoexplicitpermissionfromATCtoenterisneeded,althoughthepilotmustcontinuetoobeyallregulationsgoverningVFRflight.ToenterClassBairspace,suchasonapproachtoamajormetropolitanairport,anexplicitATCclearance(飞机起降的许可)isrequired.Theprivatepilotwhocruiseswithoutpermissionintothisairspaceriskslosingtheirlicense.19.SomeimprovementsweremadeinradiocommunicationduringWorldWarⅡ.
[判断题]AnaccidentthatoccurredintheskiesovertheGrandCanyonin1956resultedintheestablishmentoftheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)toregulateandoverseetheoperationofaircraftintheskiesovertheUnitedStates,whichwerebecomingquitecongested.TheresultingstructureofairtrafficcontrolhasgreatlyincreasedthesafetyofflightintheUnitedStates,andsimilarairtrafficcontrolproceduresarealsoinplaceovermuchoftherestoftheworld.Rudimentaryairtrafficcontrol(ATC)existedwellbeforetheGrandCanyondisaster.Asearlyasthe1920s,theearliestairtrafficcontrollersmanuallyguidedaircraftinthevicinityoftheairports,usinglightsandflags,whilebeaconsandflashinglightswereplacedalongcross-countryroutestoestablishtheearliestairways.However,thispurelyvisualsystemwasuselessinbadweather,and,bythe1930s,radiocommunicationwascomingintouseforATC.Thefirstregiontohavesomethingapproximatingtoday'sATCwasNewYorkCity,withothermajormetropolitanareasfollowingsoonafter.Inthe1940s,ATCcentrescouldanddidtakeadvantageofthenewlydevelopedradarandimprovedradiocommunicationbroughtaboutbytheSecondWorldWar,butthesystemremainedrudimentary.ItwasonlyafterthecreationoftheFAAthatfull-scaleregulationofAmerica'sairspacetookplace,andthiswasfortuitous,fortheadventofthejetenginesuddenlyresultedinalargenumberofveryfastplanes,reducingpilots'marginoferrorandpracticallydemandingsomesetofrulestokeepeveryonewellseparatedandoperatingsafelyintheair.ManypeoplethinkthatATCconsistsofarowofcontrollerssittinginfrontoftheirradarscreensatthenation'sairports,tellingarrivinganddepartingtrafficwhattodo.Thisisaveryincompletepartofthepicture.TheFAArealisedthattheairspaceovertheUnitedStateswouldatanytimehavemanydifferentkindsofplanes,flyingformanydifferentpurposes,inavarietyofweatherconditions,andthesamekindofstructurewasneededtoaccommodateallofthem.Tomeetthischallenge,thefollowingelementswereputintoeffect.First,ATCextendsovervirtuallytheentireUnitedStates.Ingeneral,from365mabovethegroundandhigher,theentirecountryisblanketedbycontrolledairspace.Incertainareas,mainlynearairports,controlledairspaceextendsdownto215mabovetheground,and,intheimmediatevicinityofanairport,allthewaydowntothesurface.ControlledairspaceisthatairspaceinwhichFAAregulationsapply.Elsewhere,inuncontrolledairspace,pilotsareboundbyfewerregulations.Inthisway,therecreationalpilotwhosimplywishestogoflyingforawhilewithoutalltherestrictionsimposedbytheFAAhasonlytostayinuncontrolledairspace,below365m,whilethepilotwhodoeswanttheprotectionaffordedbyATCcaneasilyenterthecontrolledairspace.TheFAAthenrecognisedtwotypesofoperatingenvironments.Ingoodmeteorologicalconditions,flyingwouldbepermittedunderVisualFlightRules(VFR,视觉飞行规则),whichsuggestsastrongrelianceonvisualcuestomaintainanacceptablelevelofsafety.PoorvisibilitynecessitatedasetofInstrumentalFlightRules(IFR,仪表飞行规则),underwhichthepilotreliedonaltitudeandnavigationalinformationprovidedbytheplane'sinstrumentpaneltoflysafely.Onaclearday,apilotincontrolledairspacecanchooseaVFRorIFRflightplan,andtheFAAregulationsweredevisedinawaywhichaccommodatesbothVFRandIFRoperationsinthesameairspace.However,apilotcanonlychoosetoflyIFRiftheypossessaninstrumentratingwhichisaboveandbeyondthebasicpilot'slicensethatmustalsobeheld.onaltitudeandnavigationalinformationprovidedbytheplane'sinstrumentpaneltoflysafely.Onaclearday,apilotincontrolledairspacecanchooseaVFRorIFRflightplan,andtheFAAregulationsweredevisedinawaywhichaccommodatesbothVFRandIFRoperationsinthesameairspace.However,apilotcanonlychoosetoflyIFRiftheypossessaninstrumentratingwhichisaboveandbeyondthebasicpilot'slicensethatmustalsobeheld.Controlledairspaceisdividedintoseveraldifferenttypes,designatedbylettersofthealphabet.UncontrolledairspaceisdesignatedClassF,whilecontrolledairspacebelow5,490mabovesealevelandnotinthevicinityofanairportisClassE.Allairspaceabove5,490misdesignatedClassA.ThereasonforthedivisionofClassEandClassAairspacestemsfromthetypeofplanesoperatinginthem.Generally,ClassEairspaceiswhereonefindsgeneralaviationaircraft(fewofwhichcanclimbabove5,490manyway),andcommercialturbopropaircraft.Above5,490mistherealmoftheheavyjets,sincejetenginesoperatemoreefficientlyathigheraltitudes.ThedifferencebetweenClassEandAairspaceisthatinClassA,alloperationsareIFR,andpilotsmustbeinstrument-rated,thatis,skilledandlicensedinaircraftinstrumentation.ThisisbecauseATCcontroloftheentirespaceisessential.Threeothertypesofairspace,ClassesD,CandB,governthevicinityofairports.Thesecorrespondroughlytosmallmunicipal,medium-sizedmetropolitanandmajormetropolitanairportsrespectively,andencompassanincreasinglyrigoroussetofregulations.Forexample,allaVFRpilothastodotoenterClassCairspaceisestablishtwo-wayradiocontactwithATC.NoexplicitpermissionfromATCtoenterisneeded,althoughthepilotmustcontinuetoobeyallregulationsgoverningVFRflight.ToenterClassBairspace,suchasonapproachtoamajormetropolitanairport,anexplicitATCclearance(飞机起降的许可)isrequired.Theprivatepilotwhocruiseswithoutpermissionintothisairspaceriskslosingtheirlicense.20.ClassFairspaceisairspacewhichisbelow365mandnotnearairports.
